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arXiv:1104.5157 · Physical Review B

Entanglement spectrum of one-dimensional extended Bose-Hubbard models

Xiaolong Deng, Luis Santos

Published Aug 30, 2011• 67 citations
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Abstract

The entanglement spectrum provides crucial information about correlated quantum systems. We show that the study of the blocklike nature of the reduced density matrix in number sectors and the partition dependence of the spectrum in finite systems leads to interesting unexpected insights, which we illustrate for the case of a one-dimensional extended Hubbard model. We show that block symmetry provides an intuitive understanding of the spectral double degeneracy of the Haldane insulator, which is remarkably maintained at low on-site interaction, where triple or higher site occupation is significant and particle-hole symmetry is broken. Moreover, surprisingly, the partition dependence of the spectral degeneracy in the Haldane insulator, and of a partial degeneracy in the Mott insulator, is directly linked to the, in principle unrelated, density-density correlations, and presents an intriguing periodic behavior in superfluid and supersolid phases.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.84.085138

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The entanglement spectrum provides crucial information about correlated quantum systems. We show that the study of the blocklike nature of the reduced density matrix in number sectors and the partition dependence of the spectrum in finite systems leads to interesting unexpected insights, which we illustrate for the case of a one-dimensional extended Hubbard model. We show that block symmetry provides an intuitive understanding of the spectral double degeneracy of the Haldane insulator, which is remarkably maintained at low on-site interaction, where triple or higher site occupation is significant and particle-hole symmetry is broken. Moreover, surprisingly, the partition dependence of the spectral degeneracy in the Haldane insulator, and of a partial degeneracy in the Mott insulator, is directly linked to the, in principle unrelated, density-density correlations, and presents an intriguing periodic behavior in superfluid and supersolid phases.
We discuss the existence of a nontrivial topological phase in one-dimensional interacting systems described by the extended Bose-Hubbard model with a mean filling of one boson per site. Performing large-scale density-matrix renormalization group calculations we show that the presence of nearest-neighbor repulsion enriches the ground-state phase diagram of the paradigmatic Bose-Hubbard model by stabilizing a novel gapped insulating state, the so-called Haldane insulator, which, embedded into superfluid, Mott insulator, and density wave phases, is protected by the lattice inversion symmetry. The quantum phase transitions between the different insulating phases were determined from the central charge via the von Neumann entropy. The Haldane phase reveals a characteristic fourfold degeneracy of the entanglement spectrum. We finally demonstrate that the intensity maximum of the dynamical charge structure factor, accessible by Bragg spectroscopy, features the gapped dispersion known from the spin-1 Heisenberg chain.
The one-dimensional extended bosonic Hubbard model has been shown to exhibit a variety of phases ranging from Mott insulator and superfluid to exotic supersolids and Haldane insulators depending on the filling and the relative value of the contact (UUU) and near neighbor (VVV) interaction strengths. In this paper we use the density matrix renormalization group and the time evolving block decimation numerical methods to study in detail the dynamics and excitation spectra of this model in its various phases. In particular, we study in detail the behavior of the charge and neutral gaps which characterize the Mott, charge density, and Haldane insulating phases. We also show that in addition to the gapless modes at k=0k=0k=0, the supersolid phase exhibits gapless modes at a finite kkk which depends on the filling.
We investigate the entanglement properties of a nontrivial topological phase in the one-dimensional (1D) Bose-Hubbard model with additional nearest-neighbor repulsion. Employing the large-scale density-matrix renormalization group technique we show that a gapped insulating phase protected by lattice inversion symmetry, the so-called Haldane insulator, appears between the Mott and density wave phases in the intermediate-coupling regime. The phase boundaries were determined from the central charge via the von Neumann entropy. The Haldane insulator reveals a characteristic degeneracy in the entanglement spectra. Breaking the lattice inversion symmetry strongly affects the distinctive gapped dispersion of the dynamical charge response of the bosonic Haldane insulator.
"We studied the one-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model, by means of the Density Matrix Renormalization Group (DMRG). The U parameter, which contains the Coulombian repulsion information, is fixed to U = 1 and it is performed a swept over the hopping parameter t. The entanglement is investigated by implementing the one-site, two-site and block von Neumann entropy looking for which of these measures give account of the quantum phase transition from Mott insulator to superfluid. The one-site and two-site entropy do not give information of the phase transition of the system. In contrast, the block entropy shows, in the Mott insulator phase a behavior that saturates rapidly to a finite value and in the superfluid phase shows a logarithmic behavior that agrees with the mean field theory. From the derivative of the block entropy average as a function of t we found the phase transition takes place at tc =0.15."
We study the entanglement spectrum (ES) of the Bose-Hubbard model on the two-dimensional square lattice at unit filling, both in the Mott insulating and in the superfluid phase. In the Mott phase, we demonstrate that the ES is dominated by the physics at the boundary between the two subsystems. On top of the boundary-local (perturbative) structure, the ES exhibits substructures arising from one-dimensional dispersions along the boundary. In the superfluid phase, the structure of the ES is qualitatively different, and reflects the spontaneously broken U(1) symmetry of the phase. We attribute the basic low-lying structure to the "tower of states" Hamiltonian of the model. We then discuss how these characteristic structures evolve across the superfluid to Mott insulator transition and their influence on the behavior of the entanglement entropies. We briefly outline the implications of the ES structure on the efficiency of matrix-product-state based algorithms in two dimensions.
We carry out an extensive study of the phase diagram of the extended Bose Hubbard model, with a mean filling of one boson per site, in one dimension by using the density matrix renormalization group and show that it can have Superfluid (SF), Mott-insulator (MI), density-wave (DW) and Haldane-insulator (HI) phases depending on the precise value of filling and how edge states are handled. We show that the critical exponents and central charge for the HI-DW, MI-HI and SF-MI transitions are consistent with those for models in the two-dimensional Ising, Gaussian, and Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) universality classes, respectively; and we suggest that the SF-HI transition may be more exotic than a simple BKT transition.