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arXiv:1103.3776 · Physical Review A

Berry phase and Hannay’s angle in a quantum-classical hybrid system

H. D. Liu, S. L. Wu, X. X. Yi

Published Jun 2, 2011• 17 citations
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Abstract

The Berry phase, which was discovered more than two decades ago, provides very deep insight into the geometric structure of quantum mechanics. Its classical counterpart, Hannay's angle, is defined if closed curves of action variables return to the same curves in phase space after a time evolution. In this paper we study the Berry phase and Hannay's angle in a quantum-classical hybrid system under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. By the term quantum-classical hybrid system, we mean a composite system consists of a quantum subsystem and a classical subsystem. The effects of subsystem-subsystem couplings on the Berry phase and Hannay's angle are explored. The results show that the Berry phase has been changed sharply by the couplings, whereas the couplings have a small effect on the Hannay's angle.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.83.062101

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The Berry phase, which was discovered more than two decades ago, provides very deep insight into the geometric structure of quantum mechanics. Its classical counterpart, Hannay's angle, is defined if closed curves of action variables return to the same curves in phase space after a time evolution. In this paper we study the Berry phase and Hannay's angle in a quantum-classical hybrid system under the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. By the term quantum-classical hybrid system, we mean a composite system consists of a quantum subsystem and a classical subsystem. The effects of subsystem-subsystem couplings on the Berry phase and Hannay's angle are explored. The results show that the Berry phase has been changed sharply by the couplings, whereas the couplings have a small effect on the Hannay's angle.
In this paper, we investigate the Berry phase and Hannay's angle of an electromagnetic mode system driven by harmonic field with Born-Oppenheimer approximation and obtain their algebraic expressions by theoretical calculation. The semiclassical relation between Berry phase and Hannay's angle is discussed. We find that besides the usual connection term, the Berry phase of BO hybrid system contains a novel term brought forth by the coupling induced effective gauge potential. This quantum modification can be viewed as an effective Aharonov-Bohm effect. Moreover, a similar phenomenon is founded in the Hannay's angle of classical BO hybrid system, which indicates that the Berry phase and Hannay's angle possess the same relation as the usual one. Besides, our theory can also be used to generate Artificial gauge potentials for neutral atoms.
We are accustomed to think the phase of single particle states does not matter. After all, the phase cancels out when calculating physical observables. However, the geometric phase can cause interference even in single particle states and can be measured. Berry’s phase is a geometric phase the system accumulates as its time-dependent Hamiltonian is subjected to closed adiabatic excursion in parameter space. In this report, we explore how Berry’s phase manifests itself in various fields of physics, both classical and quantum mechanical. The Hannay angle is a classical analogue to Berry’s phase and they are related by a derivative. The Aharonov-Bohm effect is a manifestation of Berry’s phase. Net rotation of deformable bodies in the language of gauge theory can be translated as a Berry phase. The well-known BornOppenheimer approximation is a molecular Aharonov-Bohm effect and is another manifestation of Berry’s Phase.
We show how to derive the Hannay angles of Grassmannian classical mechanics from the evolution of Grassmannian action—angle quantum states. Just as in the commutative case, this evolution defines a geometric transport, which can also be obtained from a quantum canonical transformation or a variational principle. As examples, we explicitly construct the quantum states for the classical counterparts of a first-and second-quantized N-level system. In the latter case, these states reduce to standard fermionic coherent states and the classical Hannay angles coincide with the quantum Berry phases.
The well-known geometric phase present in the quantum adiabatic evolution discovered by Berry many years ago has its analogue, the Hannay phase, in the classical domain.We calculate the Berry phase with examples for quantum hermitian and non-hermitian PTPTPT-symmetric Hamiltonians and compare with the Hannay phase in their classical equivalents.We use the analogy to propose resonant electric circuits which reproduce the theoretical solutions in simulated laboratory experiments.
In a recent paper [Y. C. Ge and M. S. Child, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2507 (1997)], by using a Gaussian wave function, Ge and Child presented a nonadiabatic relation between the quantum Berry phase and the classical Hannay angle for the time-dependent harmonic oscillator. In this paper, we present a perspective for this relation without the use of a trial wave function. In particular, an exact explicit formula for the cyclic evolution over the period T in the parameter space of action invariant is obtained; the $\ensuremath{-}(n+1/2)$ relation between the quantum geometric angle and the Hannay angle is rigorously established.
Canonical structure of a generalized time-periodic harmonic oscillator is studied by finding the exact action variable (invariant). Hannay's angle is defined if closed curves of constant action variables return to the same curves in phase space after a time evolution. The condition for the existence of Hannay's angle turns out to be identical to that for the existence of a complete set of (quasi)periodic wave functions. Hannay's angle is calculated, and it is shown that Berry's relation of semiclassical origin on geometric phase and Hannay's angle is exact for the cases considered.