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arXiv:1102.5700 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

A quantum affine algebra for the deformed Hubbard chain

Niklas Beisert, W. Galléas, Takuya Matsumoto

Published Aug 22, 2012• 44 citations
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Abstract

The integrable structure of the one-dimensional Hubbard model is based on Shastry's R -matrix and the Yangian of a centrally extended superalgebra. Alcaraz and Bariev have shown that the model admits an integrable deformation whose R -matrix has recently been found. This R -matrix is of trigonometric type and here we derive its underlying exceptional quantum affine algebra. We also show how the algebra reduces to the above-mentioned Yangian and to the conventional quantum affine algebra in two special limits.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/45/36/365206

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The integrable structure of the one-dimensional Hubbard model is based on Shastry's R -matrix and the Yangian of a centrally extended superalgebra. Alcaraz and Bariev have shown that the model admits an integrable deformation whose R -matrix has recently been found. This R -matrix is of trigonometric type and here we derive its underlying exceptional quantum affine algebra. We also show how the algebra reduces to the above-mentioned Yangian and to the conventional quantum affine algebra in two special limits.
The centrally extended superalgebra was shown to play an important role for the integrable structures of the one-dimensional Hubbard model and of the planar AdS/CFT correspondence. Here we consider its quantum deformation and derive the fundamental R -matrix. From the latter we deduce an integrable spin-chain Hamiltonian with three independent parameters and the corresponding Bethe equations to describe the spectrum on periodic chains. We relate our Hamiltonian to a two-parametric Hamiltonian proposed by Alcaraz and Bariev which can be considered a quantum deformation of the one-dimensional Hubbard model.
We consider boundary scattering for a semi-infinite one-dimensional deformed Hubbard chain with boundary conditions of the same type as for the Y = 0 giant graviton in the AdS/CFT correspondence. We show that the recently constructed quantum affine algebra of the deformed Hubbard chain has a co-ideal subalgebra which is consistent with the reflection (boundary Yang–Baxter) equation. We derive the corresponding reflection matrix and furthermore show that the aforementioned algebra in the rational limit specializes to the (generalized) twisted Yangian of the Y = 0 giant graviton.
In this chapter we will reveal another piece of the algebraic structure of the Hubbard model. As was first observed by Uglov and Korepin [462], the Hubbard Hamiltonian on the infinite line is invariant under the action of the direct sum of two so-called Yangian quantum groups, extending the rotational and the η-pairing su(2) symmetries we encountered earlier. Following [172] we shall address the issue in a more general context. We present two pairs of fermionic representations of the Y(su(2)) Yangian quantum group which commute with the trigonometric [162] and hyperbolic [40, 41] versions of a Hubbard Hamiltonian with non-nearest-neighbour hopping. In both cases the two representations are also mutually commuting, hence can be combined into a representation of Y(su(2))⊕Y(su(2)). The generators of the Yangian symmetry of the ordinary Hubbard model (with nearest-neighbour hopping) and of a number of other interesting models like the Haldane-Shastry spin-chain [194, 394] are obtained as special cases of our general result. Introduction Quantum groups were introduced by Drinfeld [107, 109]. His original intention was to put what we called the Yang-Baxter algebra into the mathematically more conventional context of Hopf algebras. The Yangians are special quantum groups. Their representation theory [80, 81] is intimately related to the classification of integrable quantum systems with rational R -matrices.
We describe the twisted affine superalgebra and its quantized version . We investigate the tensor product representation of the four-dimensional grade star representation for the fixed-point subsuperalgebra . We work out the tensor product decomposition explicitly and find that the decomposition is not completely reducible. Associated with this four-dimensional grade star representation we derive two invariant R-matrices: one of them corresponds to and the other to . Using the R-matrix for , we construct a new invariant strongly correlated electronic model, which is integrable in one dimension. Interestingly this model reduces in the q = 1 limit, to the one proposed by Essler et al which has a larger symmetry.
We investigate the integrable structure of spin chain models with centrally extended and symmetry. These chains have their origin in the planar anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, but they also contain the one-dimensional Hubbard model as a special case. We begin with an overview of the representation theory of centrally extended . These results are applied in the construction and investigation of an interesting S -matrix with symmetry. In particular, they enable a remarkably simple proof of the Yang–Baxter relation. We also show the equivalence of the S -matrix to Shastry's R -matrix and thus uncover a hidden supersymmetry in the integrable structure of the Hubbard model. We then construct eigenvalues of the corresponding transfer matrix in order to formulate an analytic Bethe ansatz. Finally, the form of transfer matrix eigenvalues for models with symmetry is sketched.
We develop the quantum inverse scattering method for the one-dimensional Hubbard model on the infinite interval at zero density. R-matrix and monodromy matrix are obtained as limits from their known counterparts on the finite interval. The R-matrix greatly simplifies in the considered limit. The new R-matrix contains a submatrix which turns into the rational R-matrix of the XXX-chain by an appropriate reparametrization. The corresponding submatrix of the monodromy matrix thus provides a representation of the Y(su(2)) Yangian. From its quantum determinant we obtain an infinite series of mutually commuting Yangian invariant operators which includes the Hamiltonian. Keywords Hubbard model, quantum inverse scattering, Yangian z E-mail:murakami@appi.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp x E-mail:frank@monet.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp -- Address from Oct. 1996: Physikalisches Institut der Universitat Bayreuth, TP1, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany. 1 Introduction Among the exactly solvable 1d quantum systems the Hubbard...