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arXiv:1102.5302

Controllable half-vortex lattices in an incoherently pumped polariton condensate

Jonathan Keeling, Natalia G. Berloff

Published Feb 25, 2011• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We show how the transition between synchronized and desynchronized states of a spinor polariton condensate can be used to drive a transition between stationary vortex lattices and half-vortex lattices. This provides a way to control polariton spin textures by a combination of pump spot profile and applied magnetic fields. To do this, we extend the model of non-equilibrium spinor condensates to include relaxation, and study how this affects the desynchronization transition. We discuss how the pattern formation can be explained by behavior of the homogeneous system.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1102.5302

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Journal of Physics Conference Series•Sep 21, 2015•0 citations
We show how the transition between synchronized and desynchronized states of a spinor polariton condensate can be used to drive a transition between stationary vortex lattices and half-vortex lattices. This provides a way to control polariton spin textures by a combination of pump spot profile and applied magnetic fields. To do this, we extend the model of non-equilibrium spinor condensates to include relaxation, and study how this affects the desynchronization transition. We discuss how the pattern formation can be explained by behavior of the homogeneous system.
We predict the spontaneous symmetry breaking in a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate of exciton-polaritons (polaritons) caused by the coupling of its spin and orbital degrees of freedom. We study a polariton condensate trapped in a ring-shaped effective potential with a broken rotational symmetry. We propose a realistic scheme of generating controllable spinor azimuthal persistent currents of polaritons in the trap under the continuous wave optical pump. We propose a new type of half-quantum circulating states in a spinor system characterized by azimuthal currents in both circular polarizations and a vortex in only one of the polarizations. The spontaneous symmetry breaking in the spinor polariton condensate that consists in the switching from co-winding to opposite-winding currents in opposite spin states is revealed. It is characterized by the change of the average orbital angular momentum of the condensate from zero to non-zero values. The radial displacement of the pump spot and the polarization of the pump act as the control parameters. The considered system exhibits a fundamental similarity to a superconducting flux qubit, which makes it highly promising for applications in quantum computing.
We study nonequilibrium mode selection in dissipative exciton-polariton condensates incoherently pumped through an excitonic reservoir in the presence of pure energy relaxation. For a confined system in which a vortex mode is selected at threshold, we show that energy relaxation qualitatively changes the condensation scenario: as the pump increases, the asymptotic state evolves from a vortex condensate to a rotating mixed state and then to a ground-state condensate. Pure energy relaxation thus destabilizes condensation into excited states and promotes ground-state selection.
Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are newly emerged quantum systems that are capable of showing macroscopic quantum phenomena with intrinsic open-dissipative nature. The spatial distribution of the polariton density, without any external potential, can be controlled by the geometric shape of the pumping laser, enabling the investigation of polariton dynamics with topologically non-trivial configurations. Meanwhile, exciton-polaritons have spin degrees of freedom inherited from excitons and photons, making it a candidate for the realization of quantum logic gates. In this thesis, we will investigate theoretically the nonlinear dynamics of exciton-polariton BECs involving both polaritons' spatial degrees of freedom and spin degrees of freedom, and interactions between them. This thesis is organised as follows: In Chapter 1, we will present an overall review of exiton-polariton systems and important properties of polariton BECs and then introduce the dynamical equations with various interactions that will serve as the main theoretical tool for subsequent chapters. Several polariton pumping and trapping techniques appearing in later chapters will also be introduced. In Chapter 2, we will investigate the superfluidity properties of a single-component polariton condensate under an incoherent annular pumping configuration. By studying the stability properties of polariton persistent currents, we find that the persistent currents can exhibit dynamical instability and energetic-like instability according to different parameter region. A stability phase diagram will be given and its relation with the Landau's criterion will be discussed. In Chapter 3, we will investigate the spin dynamics of a two-component polariton condensate under a homogeneous pumping configuration. Owing to the Josephson coupling, there exist multiple steady state solutions that allow of controlled spin state switching. A desynchronized region where there exists no stable steady solution is found. In the desynchronized region, a desynchronized state beating periodically over time can exist, which will serve as a building block of spin waves presented in the next chapter. In Chapter 4, by combining results from the previous two chapters we will investigate generally the nonlinear dynamics of polariton condensates under an annular pumping configuration. The spin-orbit interaction provided by the Josephson coupling supports azimuthon states that have simultaneous modulations in both amplitude and phase. The azimuthon states, when viewed in a different polarization basis, form rotating spin waves that can be referred to as the optical ferris wheel. In Chapter 5, results from previous chapters will be extended to micocavities that support the anisotropic TE-TM splitting interaction. Rotating singularities (small-scale vortices) are found as a result. Their properties and experimental observation techniques will be discussed. Chapter 2-5 provide a theoretical framework for the nonlinear dynamics of polariton condensates. They rely mostly on optical trapping techniques and are ready to be tested in experiments. In Chapter 6, polaritons trapped by an engineered periodic mesa potential will be discussed. We will investigate the band structure of polaritons under the influence of the periodic potential together with discussions on the phase-modulated interference pattern which corresponds to the polariton Talbot patterns observed in experiments.
Spinorial or multi-component Bose-Einstein condensates may sustain fractional quanta of circulation, vorticant topological excitations with half integer windings of phase and polarization. Matter-light quantum fluids, such as microcavity polaritons, represent a unique test bed for realising strongly interacting and out-of-equilibrium condensates. The direct access to the phase of their wavefunction enables us to pursue the quest of whether half vortices ---rather than full integer vortices--- are the fundamental topological excitations of a spinor polariton fluid. Here, we are able to directly generate by resonant pulsed excitations, a polariton fluid carrying either the half or full vortex states as initial condition, and to follow their coherent evolution using ultrafast holography. Surprisingly we observe a rich phenomenology that shows a stable evolution of a phase singularity in a single component as well as in the full vortex state, spiraling, splitting and branching of the initial cores under different regimes and the proliferation of many vortex anti-vortex pairs in self generated circular ripples. This allows us to devise the interplay of nonlinearity and sample disorder in shaping the fluid and driving the phase singularities dynamics
Non-equilibrium polariton condensates entangle properties of lasers, atomic Bose- Einstein condensates (BEC) and semiconductor physics. They provide a great variety of physical phenomena while maintaining a simple theoretical description. Among those phenomena are nonlinear excitations such as solitons or spontaneous spin bifurcations. In this paper I first present a short overview on the theoretical basis of polaritons. Then starting from a scenario of excitation generation in equilibrium BEC I turn to corresponding phenomenona in polariton condensates such as dark soliton formation. Later the spin sensitive phenomena such as nonequilibrium bright solitons and half-bright solitons in semiconductor microcavities are discussed. Theoretically all the considered scenarios are described by partial differential equations (PDEs) and coupled systems thereof. The system of PDEs defines a so called condensate wave function, which completely describes the experimental relevant aspects of the physical system in a certain parameter regime where condensation occurs. The developed theories enables us particularly to make a variety of statements about excitations such as solitons and half-solitons in spinor systems forming within a non-equilibrium condensate. It turns out that by those means we can elucidate in particular the experimental implementation of a coherent superposition analog in a spin sensitive setting forming a macroscopic QUBIT within the semiconductor microcavity at temperatures in the Kelvin range.