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arXiv:1012.3482 · Optics Express

Relative intensity squeezing by four-wave mixing with loss: an analytic model and experimental diagnostic

M. Jasperse, Lincoln D. Turner, Robert E Scholten

Published Feb 11, 2011• 99 citations
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Abstract

Four-wave mixing near resonance in an atomic vapor can produce relative intensity squeezed light suitable for precision measurements beyond the shot-noise limit. We develop an analytic distributed gain/loss model to describe the competition of mixing and absorption through the non-linear medium. Using a novel matrix calculus, we present closed-form expressions for the degree of relative intensity squeezing produced by this system. We use these theoretical results to analyze experimentally measured squeezing from a 85Rb vapor and demonstrate the analytic model's utility as an experimental diagnostic.

DOI
10.1364/oe.19.003765

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Four-wave mixing near resonance in an atomic vapor can produce relative intensity squeezed light suitable for precision measurements beyond the shot-noise limit. We develop an analytic distributed gain/loss model to describe the competition of mixing and absorption through the non-linear medium. Using a novel matrix calculus, we present closed-form expressions for the degree of relative intensity squeezing produced by this system. We use these theoretical results to analyze experimentally measured squeezing from a 85Rb vapor and demonstrate the analytic model's utility as an experimental diagnostic.
We have measured -3.5 dB (-8.1 dB corrected for losses) relative intensity squeezing between probe and conjugate beams generated by stimulated, nondegenerate four-wave mixing in hot rubidium vapor. Unlike early observations of squeezing in atomic vapors based on saturation of a two-level system, our scheme uses a resonant nonlinearity based on ground-state coherences in a three-level system. Since this scheme produces narrowband, squeezed light near an atomic resonance, it is of interest for experiments involving cold atoms or atomic ensembles.
Squeezed light generated by four-wave mixing near the Na atomic resonance is compared with a full quantum-theoretical model. Losses and dephasing that are due to spontaneous emission near the atomic resonance are included in this theoretical treatment. The experimental results show noise reduction greater than 1 dB below the standard quantum limits and are in good agreement with the quantum model at low pump intensities and large detuning. Theory and experiment show that limits to squeezed-light noise reduction resulting from spontaneous-emission losses can be largely avoided by using nondegenerate four-wave mixing and pump intensities near the atomic saturation values.
We experimentally investigate four-wave mixing (FWM) in a diamond interaction scheme using ⁸⁵Rb vapor, and identify the optimal conditions for joint amplification and relative intensity squeezing of two optical fields: one near the ⁸⁵Rb D1 optical transition (λ = 794.6 nm) and the other in the telecom O-band (λ = 1324 nm). We achieved a reduction of relative intensity noise by up to 2.6 ± 0.4 dB compared to the shot noise level, signi- fying the non-classical quantum correlations. The ob- served level of intensity squeezing is primarily limited by the available pump laser power, which constrains the achievable FWM gain. Numerical simulations show good agreement with the experimental results.
In this talk, we demonstrate a system capable of producing pulsed squeezed light via four-wave mixing in a rubidium vapor. By employing a pulsed input, we produce nanosecond relative-intensity squeezed pulses and employ time-resolved detection to measure the degree of squeezing obtained. With respect to recent noise-spectrum squeezing experiments in atomic vapors, the present work is based on time-domain detection. The basic idea behind the generation of relative-intensity squeezed light as presented in this work relies on off-resonant four-wave mixing in a double lambda-system.
We experimentally investigate four-wave mixing (FWM) in a diamond interaction scheme using ⁸⁵Rb vapor, and identify the optimal conditions for joint amplification and relative intensity squeezing of two optical fields: one near the ⁸⁵Rb D1 optical transition (λ = 794.6 nm) and the other in the telecom O-band (λ = 1324 nm). We achieved a reduction of relative intensity noise by up to 2.6 ± 0.4 dB compared to the shot noise level, signi- fying the non-classical quantum correlations. The ob- served level of intensity squeezing is primarily limited by the available pump laser power, which constrains the achievable FWM gain. Numerical simulations show good agreement with the experimental results.
We report the measurement of the intensity difference squeezing via the non-degenerate four-wave mixing process in a rubidium atomic vapor medium. Two pairs of balanced detection systems are employed to measure the probe and the conjugate beams, respectively. It is convenient to get the quantum shot noise limit, the squeezed and the amplified noise power spectra. We also investigate the influence of the input extra quadrature amplitude noise of the probe beam. The influence of the extra noise can be minimized and the squeezing can be optimized under the proper parameter condition. We measure the −3.7-dB intensity difference squeezing when the probe beam has a 3-dB extra quadrature amplitude noise. This result is slightly smaller than −4.1 dB when the ideal coherent light (no extra noise) for the probe beam is used.