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arXiv:1012.1101 · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering

Homogeneous linewidth of the4I11/2–4I15/2optical transition of erbium in LiNbO3:Er3+

Gábor Mandula, Z. Kis, P Sinkovicz, L Kovács

Published Nov 1, 2010• 0 citations
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Abstract

We work out a simple, pulsed pump-probe measurement scheme to measure the homogeneous linewidth of an atomic transition in an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line in a solid state environment. We apply the theory to the 4 I 11/2 – 4 I 15/2 optical transition of erbium in LiNbO 3 :Er 3+ crystal. Beside obtaining the homogeneous linewidth, we have estimated the population relaxation time as well.

DOI
10.1088/1757-899x/15/1/012062

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Annual Meeting Optical Society of America•Jan 1, 1987•0 citations
We work out a simple, pulsed pump-probe measurement scheme to measure the homogeneous linewidth of an atomic transition in an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line in a solid state environment. We apply the theory to the 4 I 11/2 – 4 I 15/2 optical transition of erbium in LiNbO 3 :Er 3+ crystal. Beside obtaining the homogeneous linewidth, we have estimated the population relaxation time as well.
The photon echo is often the best technique for measuring ultra narrow homogeneous linewidths of an inhomogeneously broadened optical transition for which a higher spectral resolution than the laser bandwidth is required. Homogenous linewidths on the order of one kHz have been measured for Eu3+ and Pr3+ in different host materials at liquid helium temperature from the echo intensity as a function of the delay between the two excitation pulses. These linewidths arc three orders of magnitude narrower than the long term jitter bandwidth of the laser which was used for excitation.1 Here we present a novel spectroscopic method based on the modulation of a 2-pulsc photon echo or a stimulated echo by an externally applied field, for the accurate measurement of frequency shifting perturbations with sub-homogeneous linewidth resolution. This is illustrated by the Stark effect on the 7F0→5D0 transition of Eu3+:YAIO3. The basic idea is that two coherent preparation pulses create an excited state population grating in the frequency domain of an inhomogeneously broadened line, which then gives rise to the echo in the course of the free induction decay of the coherently prepared ions. Since the photon echo can be observed for pulse separations much larger than T2, it is possible to generate frequency gratings which have a periodic spacing smaller than the homogeneous linewidth.2 In the case of a centrosymmetric crystal there are two groups of ions with equal and opposite dipole moments. An applied electric field Es shifts the ground and excited state energy levels through interaction with the electric dipole moments of these states and hence leads to a linear frequency shift, Ω=δμ⇀⋅E⇀s/ℏ, for the two sets of ions in opposite directions, where δμ⇀ is the difference between the ground and excited state dipole moments. If the electric field is applied after the first pulse, the two sets of ions accumulate equal and opposite phase shifts Φ = ± Ωt during the time interval, t. The result of the second pulse is that an excited state population grating is created in the frequency domain with a period (t + τ)-1 where t is the time interval between the pulses and τ is the duration of one pulse. Since there arc two sets of ions with opposite phase shifts, we formally get two population gratings, one with the phase Φ = + Ωt and one with the phase Φ = − Ωt. with respect to the population grating that is caused without an applied field.
Based on the transmission spectra of Er3+-doped LiNbO3 optical waveguides in this paper we report some experimental and theoretical results concerning the evaluation of some spectroscopic parameters which characterize the above mentioned waveguides. The absorption experimental spectra were used to determine the homogeneous absorption and emission cross sections (utilising the density matrix formalism and the McCumber's theory and taking into account the Stark splitting of the levels), the oscillator strength of the absorption transition, the spontaneous emission probabilities, the radiative lifetime and the excitation energy in three regions of the optical spectrum: around 1550 nm, 980 nm and 550 nm, respectively. Also, we measured the rising and falling times and we calculated the homogeneous upconversion factor corresponding to the transition 4I15/2->4F7/2.
The results of a series of pump–probe spectral hole-burning experiments are presented on Yb3+- or Er3+-doped Li6Y(BO3)3 (LYB) single crystals in the temperature range of 2–14 K and 9–28 K, respectively. The spectral hole has a complex structure for Yb3+ with superposed narrow and broad bands, while a single absorption hole has been observed for Er3+. Population relaxation times (T1) at about 850 ± 60 μs and 1010 ± 50 μs and dipole relaxation times (T2) with values of 1100 ± 120 ns and 14.2 ± 0.3 ns have been obtained for the two components measured for the Yb3+:2F7/2—2F5/2 transition. T1 = 402 ± 8 μs and T2 = 11.9 ± 0.2 ns values have been found for the Er3+:4I15/2—4I11/2 excitation. The spectral diffusion rate at about 1 and 5 MHz/ms has been determined for the narrow and broad spectral line in Yb3+-doped crystal, respectively. The temperature dependence of the spectral hole halfwidth has also been investigated.
The homogeneous linewidth of the transition I15/24−I13/24 in highly doped erbium fibers and its dependence with temperature in the range from 10 to 50 K are experimentally characterized using spectral hole burning. The homogeneous linewidth dependence with temperature is quadratic above 20 K where homogeneous broadening is dominated by two-phonon Raman processes, and linear at lower temperatures where direct phonon processes occur. This characteristic power-law dependence was also derived from transmittance measurements. The solution of nonlinear field equations using the results obtained from our experiments predicts that Gaussian probe pulses propagate at subluminal speed through the narrow spectral holes burned in erbium-doped fibers. For gigahertz pulses in the telecommunication window, a fractional delay as high as 0.6 is predicted.
Temporal sequences of different spectral components of the 4/11/2 → 4/13/2 manifold in YAlO3:Er have been analyzed in a laser operated at 300 K. Several lines can oscillate in a spiking train. Their position in the pulse is discussed in terms of population inversion, laser linewidth, and resonant ion-ion interaction. Erbium crystals with dopant concentrations of 10, 20, and 50% have been used in the experiments. The wavelengths of the 3-µm transitions range from 2.71 to 2.92 µm. They are strongly dependent on the crystal orientation with respect to the polarization of the laser light. The polarization dependence of the most prominent emission lines has been determined for laser crystals oriented with their axes along the crystallographic a and b directions. The bandwidth of the laser lines has been measured with a resolution of 0.12 nm using a grating spectrometer in combination with an image converter. The bandwidth ranges from 0.3 nm at 2.73µm up to 2.6 nm at 2.92 µm.