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arXiv:1011.3893 · Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Heat transport in an open transverse-field Ising chain

Kewei Sun, Chen Wang, Qing‐Hu Chen

Published Oct 1, 2010• 15 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The heat conduction in an open transverse-field Ising chain is studied by using quantization in the Fock space of operators in the weak-coupling regimes, i.e. the coupling is much smaller than the transverse field. The non-equilibrium steady state is obtained for large-size systems coupled to Markovian baths at its ends. The ballistic transport is observed in the uniform chain and normal diffusion in the random exchange chain. In addition, the ballistic-diffusive transition is found at the intermediate disorder regime. The thermal conductivity κ is also calculated in the low- and high-temperature regimes. It is shown that κ decays as κ∼ T −2 at high temperatures.

DOI
10.1209/0295-5075/92/24002

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The heat conduction in an open transverse-field Ising chain is studied by using quantization in the Fock space of operators in the weak-coupling regimes, i.e. the coupling is much smaller than the transverse field. The non-equilibrium steady state is obtained for large-size systems coupled to Markovian baths at its ends. The ballistic transport is observed in the uniform chain and normal diffusion in the random exchange chain. In addition, the ballistic-diffusive transition is found at the intermediate disorder regime. The thermal conductivity κ is also calculated in the low- and high-temperature regimes. It is shown that κ decays as κ∼ T −2 at high temperatures.
We numerically investigate the heat conduction in a random-exchange Ising spin chain by using the quantum master equation. The chain is subject to a uniform transverse field hhh, while the exchange couplings Qn{{Q}_{n}}Qn​ between the nearest neighbor spins are random; the largest size we simulate is up to 10. This model is integrable; i.e., the nearest neighbor level spacing distribution is Poissonian. However, we find clear evidence of nonballistic transport. In the small coupling regime $({Q}_{n}\ensuremath{\ll}h)$, an energy and/or temperature gradient in the bulk of the system is observed and the energy current appears to be proportional to the inverse of the system size. Moreover, we find that in the low and high temperature regimes, the thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ and the specific heat Cv{C}_{v}Cv​ have the same dependence on temperature. The large coupling case $({Q}_{n}\ensuremath{\sim}h)$ is also discussed.
The heat conductivity of nonperiodic quantum Ising chains whose ends are connected with heat baths at different temperatures are studied numerically by solving the Lindblad master equation. The chains are subjected to a uniform transverse field h, while the exchange coupling J{m} between the nearest-neighbor spins takes the two values J{A} and J{B} arranged in Fibonacci, generalized Fibonacci, Thue-Morse, and period-doubling sequences. We calculate the energy-density profile and energy current of the resulting nonequilibrium steady states to study the heat-conducting behavior of finite but large systems. Although these nonperiodic quantum Ising chains are integrable, it is clearly found that energy gradients exist in all chains and the energy currents appear to scale as the system size ~N{α}. By increasing the ratio of couplings, the exponent α can be modulated from α > -1 to α < -1 corresponding to the nontrivial transition from the abnormal heat transport to the heat insulator. The influences of the temperature gradient and the magnetic field to heat conduction have also been discussed.
We consider two quantum Ising chains initially prepared at thermal equilibrium but with different temperatures and coupled at a given time through one of their end points. In the long-time limit the system reaches a nonequilibrium steady state. We discuss properties of this nonequilibrium steady state and characterize the convergence to the steady regime. We compute the mean energy flux through the chain and show that the heat transport is ballistic. We derive also the large-deviation function for the quantum and thermal fluctuations of this energy transfer.
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To create a more comprehensive understanding of nonequilibrium dynamics of open quantum many-body systems, we visit an exactly solvable example, that is a quenched transverse-field Ising chain coupled to Markovian baths, which act locally on the Jordan-Wigner fermionic space. Performing explicit calculations on the heat transfer, transverse magnetization, and kink density, we find that the imbalance of two opposite damping mechanisms play a crucial role in constructing a nontrivial nonequilibrium steady state accompanied with a dissipative quantum phase transition, also that the competition between unitary drive and decoherence does not necessarily lead to a quasi-stationary state or prethermalization under certain ordinary relaxation.
We investigate the open dynamics of a chain of interacting spins using the quantized version of the general equation for the nonequilibrium reversible-irreversible coupling equation from classical out-of-equilibrium thermodynamics. We focus on both equilibrium and nonequilibrium scenarios for chains of different sizes. Whereas in the equilibrium case we demonstrate thermal equilibration to the correct many-body Gibbs density matrix, in the nonequilibrium dynamics we show a ballistic-to-diffusive transition in the steady-state energy current and a scaling that is consistent with Fourier's law of heat transfer.