Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1011.3190

Experimental realities refuting the existence of p=0 condensate in a system of interacting bosons : II. Spectroscopy of embedded molecules

Yatendra Singh Jain

Published Nov 14, 2010• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Experimental observation of superfluidity in a microscopic cluster, $M:(^4He)_x$, of a molecule ($M$) and $x$ number of $^4He$ atoms (with $x$ ranging from 1 to many) is qualitatively analyzed. It concludes that: (i) each $^4He$ atom in the cluster has to have non-zero momentum for its confinement to a space of size ($

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1011.3190

Related papers

Conclusion

Philippe Nozières, David Pines

We conclude our study of superfluidity in Bose liquids with a brief summary of the strengths, and of the inadequacies, of the theory. The cornerstone of our fundamental understanding of superfluidity has been the recognition of the central importance of the condensate, a single quantum state which is macroscopically occupied. For the Bose liquid one has a particle condensate, characterized by a non-vanishing expectation value of ψ (r). The existence of the condensate explains all major aspects of superfluid behavior; in particular, we now possess: A clear understanding of the static and the long wavelength dynamic properties of an equilibrium Bose liquid, including a microscopic basis for the two-fluid model. A precise microscopic theory at T = 0 for a specific model, the dilute Bose gas. Variational calculations of the excitation spectrum of liquid He II (and of the ground state properties as well), which are in good quantitative agreement with experiment. A satisfactory phenomenological treatment of the interactions between elementary excitations which give rise to various irreversible phenomena. A qualitative understanding of the role which is played by quantized vortices in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena.

CRC Press eBooks•Mar 5, 2018•0 citations

Laws of Nature Forbid the Existence of p = 0 Condensate in a System of Interacting Bosons

Yatendra Singh Jain

Analyzing the basic dynamics of two bosons, interacting through a central force, we make three unequivocal conclusions: (i). Natural laws, demanding the ground state of a system to have least possible energy, forbid the existence of p = 0 condensate in a system of interacting bosons (SIB). (ii). The ground state of a SIB, with different number of particles having different momenta does not have least possible energy as it should be. (iii). All particles in the true ground state have identically equal energy, εo = h2/8md2, and equivalent momentum, qo = π/d. The real nature of Bose Einstein condensation (BEC) that exists in the superfluid state of a SIB is identified as the condensation of particles in a state of a pair of particles having equal and opposite momenta (q, -q) with center of mass momentum, K = 0 and q = π/d. We also discuss how experimental results pertaining to the existence of electron bubble and free rotation of molecules in helium droplets and clusters support the absence of p=0 condensate and how single particle basis (SPB), having an alliance with p=0 condensate, is inconsistent with certain physical realities of the system at low temperatures. These conclusions render strong support for our theory of superfluidity of a system like liquid 4He (Amer. J. Cond. Mat. Phys. 2, 32-52(2012).

International Journal of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics•Dec 1, 2012•2 citations

The p=0 condensate is a myth

Yatendra Singh Jain

Analyzing some of the basic aspects of the dynamics of two bosons (interacting through a central force) and their importance in determining the ground state of a system like liquid $^4He$, it is unequivocally concluded that our conventional belief in the existence $p=0$ condensate in the superfluid state of such systems [including the state of Bose Einstein condensate (BEC) of trapped dilute gases] is a myth.

arXiv:1008.0240•Aug 2, 2010•5 citations

Investigation of the temperature dependence of the density of the Bose condensate in helium-4 in connection with the superfluidity phenomenon

E. V. Dokukin, Zh. A. Kozlov, Vadim A. Parfenov +1 more

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics•Dec 1, 1978•3 citations

Helium clusters and droplets: microscopic superfluidity and other quantum effects†

J. P. Toennies

Many microscopic properties of the only natural superfluid element helium have become available within the last 18 years through a number of novel experiments. The diffraction of matter-waves of small helium clusters has established the unusually large bond distance (5.2 nm) and extremely weak binding energy (10−7 eV) of the dimer and other exotic properties of small helium clusters. The high-resolution spectroscopy of closed-shell chromophore molecules attached to small clusters or embedded inside large superfluid droplets have revealed that as a result of superfluidity, molecules rotate virtually without friction and that only a handful of He atoms are required for microscopic superfluidity. The frictionless translational motion of atoms and molecules inside the droplets has also been observed. These and a number of other experiments demonstrate that helium droplets are the most gentle and coldest of all cryomatrices with enormous potential for a wide range of future applications.

Molecular Physics•Jun 14, 2013•48 citations

A study of Bose gas at zero temperature and its connection with the superfluid phase of liquid 4He

Ming-kong Fung

•Jan 1, 1977•0 citations
Experimental observation of superfluidity in a microscopic cluster, M:(4He)xM:(^4He)_xM:(4He)x​, of a molecule (MMM) and xxx number of 4He^4He4He atoms (with xxx ranging from 1 to many) is qualitatively analyzed. It concludes that: (i) each 4He^4He4He atom in the cluster has to have non-zero momentum for its confinement to a space of size ($
We conclude our study of superfluidity in Bose liquids with a brief summary of the strengths, and of the inadequacies, of the theory. The cornerstone of our fundamental understanding of superfluidity has been the recognition of the central importance of the condensate, a single quantum state which is macroscopically occupied. For the Bose liquid one has a particle condensate, characterized by a non-vanishing expectation value of ψ (r). The existence of the condensate explains all major aspects of superfluid behavior; in particular, we now possess: A clear understanding of the static and the long wavelength dynamic properties of an equilibrium Bose liquid, including a microscopic basis for the two-fluid model. A precise microscopic theory at T = 0 for a specific model, the dilute Bose gas. Variational calculations of the excitation spectrum of liquid He II (and of the ground state properties as well), which are in good quantitative agreement with experiment. A satisfactory phenomenological treatment of the interactions between elementary excitations which give rise to various irreversible phenomena. A qualitative understanding of the role which is played by quantized vortices in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena.
Analyzing the basic dynamics of two bosons, interacting through a central force, we make three unequivocal conclusions: (i). Natural laws, demanding the ground state of a system to have least possible energy, forbid the existence of p = 0 condensate in a system of interacting bosons (SIB). (ii). The ground state of a SIB, with different number of particles having different momenta does not have least possible energy as it should be. (iii). All particles in the true ground state have identically equal energy, εo = h2/8md2, and equivalent momentum, qo = π/d. The real nature of Bose Einstein condensation (BEC) that exists in the superfluid state of a SIB is identified as the condensation of particles in a state of a pair of particles having equal and opposite momenta (q, -q) with center of mass momentum, K = 0 and q = π/d. We also discuss how experimental results pertaining to the existence of electron bubble and free rotation of molecules in helium droplets and clusters support the absence of p=0 condensate and how single particle basis (SPB), having an alliance with p=0 condensate, is inconsistent with certain physical realities of the system at low temperatures. These conclusions render strong support for our theory of superfluidity of a system like liquid 4He (Amer. J. Cond. Mat. Phys. 2, 32-52(2012).
Analyzing some of the basic aspects of the dynamics of two bosons (interacting through a central force) and their importance in determining the ground state of a system like liquid 4He^4He4He, it is unequivocally concluded that our conventional belief in the existence p=0p=0p=0 condensate in the superfluid state of such systems [including the state of Bose Einstein condensate (BEC) of trapped dilute gases] is a myth.
Many microscopic properties of the only natural superfluid element helium have become available within the last 18 years through a number of novel experiments. The diffraction of matter-waves of small helium clusters has established the unusually large bond distance (5.2 nm) and extremely weak binding energy (10−7 eV) of the dimer and other exotic properties of small helium clusters. The high-resolution spectroscopy of closed-shell chromophore molecules attached to small clusters or embedded inside large superfluid droplets have revealed that as a result of superfluidity, molecules rotate virtually without friction and that only a handful of He atoms are required for microscopic superfluidity. The frictionless translational motion of atoms and molecules inside the droplets has also been observed. These and a number of other experiments demonstrate that helium droplets are the most gentle and coldest of all cryomatrices with enormous potential for a wide range of future applications.