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arXiv:1010.5892 · Applied Physics Letters

π junction transition in InAs self-assembled quantum dot coupled with SQUID

S. Kim, R. Ishiguro, M. Kamio, Y. Doda, E. Watanabe, D. Tsuya, Kenji Shibata, Kazuhiko Hirakawa, H. Takayanagi

Published Feb 7, 2011• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We report the transport measurements on the InAs self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) which have a unique structural zero-dimensionality, coupled to a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Owing to the SQUID geometry, we directly observe a π phase shift in the current phase relation and the negative supercurrent indicating π junction behavior by not only tuning the energy level of SAQD by back-gate but also controlling the coupling between SAQD and electrodes by side-gate. Our results inspire the future quantum information devices which can link optical, spin, and superconducting state.

DOI
10.1063/1.3552715

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We report the transport measurements on the InAs self-assembled quantum dots (SAQDs) which have a unique structural zero-dimensionality, coupled to a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Owing to the SQUID geometry, we directly observe a π phase shift in the current phase relation and the negative supercurrent indicating π junction behavior by not only tuning the energy level of SAQD by back-gate but also controlling the coupling between SAQD and electrodes by side-gate. Our results inspire the future quantum information devices which can link optical, spin, and superconducting state.
We report a first direct observation of proximity supercurrent in a single InAs self-assembled quantum dot coupled to superconducting electrodes. We utilize large SAQDs with strong dot-lead coupling allowing sufficient overlap of quantized state that charge fluctuation in the dot may exceed one electron. Although the charging energy is larger than the superconductivity gap, Δ, the voltage characteristic measured in the current-driven four-terminal geometry signifies a supercurrent flow though the dot. The observed critical current is of the order of 10 pA, and much smaller than expected from theory. This current also shows the parity effect with the number of electrons in the dot, suggesting that the singlet correlation impedes the Cooper pair tunneling.
We study supercurrent in a single InAs self-assembled quantum dot contacted with superconducting leads and demonstrate that for regions where energy level spacing and charging energy are smaller than tunnel coupling, the supercurrent may be controlled by the degree of overlaps between energy levels, which is tunable using a side-gate electrode. In such regions, we find strong correlation between the supercurrent and the normal state conductance when the device parameters are tuned. In a Kondo regime with low Kondo temperature, we find that the scaling of the supercurrent and normal state conductance varies when the side-gate voltage is changed.
This study shows that we can obtain an enhanced mutual coupling by using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) containing a π-phase shift Josephson junction (π-junction). The π-junction can increase the current flowing in the loop inductance of the SQUID, thereby enhancing the magnetic flux generated in the inductance. Therefore, the effective self-inductance of the SQUID can increase, resulting in an increase in the mutual coupling. We use a 0-π SQUID formed by a conventional Josephson junction (0-junction) and a π-junction. Our numerical analysis for a simplified structure revealed that the ratio of effective to original self-inductance increased to 50. To confirm this, we measured the modulation patterns of critical current in dc-SQUIDs in which part of the loop inductance was replaced with a series of 0-π SQUIDs. The observed modulation pattern revealed that the effective self-inductance became more than 10-fold larger than the original self-inductance under the conditions that the applied current is a few μA while the critical current of the 0-junction in 0-π SQUIDs is 35 μA.
In this Letter, we manipulate the phase shift of a Josephson junction using a parallel double quantum dot (QD). By employing a superconducting quantum interference device, we determine how orbital hybridization and detuning affect the current-phase relation in the Coulomb blockade regime. For weak hybridization between the QDs, we find π junction characteristics if at least one QD has an unpaired electron. Notably the critical current is higher when both QDs have an odd electron occupation. By increasing the inter-QD hybridization the critical current is reduced, until eventually a π-0 transition occurs. A similar transition appears when detuning the QD levels at finite hybridization. Based on a zero-bandwidth model, we argue that both cases of phase-shift transitions can be understood considering an increased weight of states with a double occupancy in the ground state and with the Cooper pair transport dominated by local Andreev reflection.
The authors have fabricated superconductor-quantum dot-superconductor (SC-QD-SC) junctions by using SC aluminum electrodes with narrow gaps laterally contacting a single self-assembled InAs QD. The fabricated junctions exhibited clear Coulomb staircases and Coulomb oscillations at 40mK. Furthermore, clear suppression in conductance was observed for the source-drain voltage, ∣VSD∣<2Δ∕e, where Δ is the SC energy gap of Al. The absence of Josephson current that flows through QDs is due to the strong Coulomb interaction and non-negligible thermal fluctuation in our measurement system.
Abstract We directly observed π-leaps of superconducting phase differences in π-junction-based superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). The SQUIDs studied here are formed by introducing a π-junction to a conventional-junction (0-junction)-based direct current (DC)-SQUID, which is referred to as the 0-0-π SQUID. Either clockwise or counter-clockwise-circulating currents flow spontaneously in the 0-0-π SQUID because of a π-phase shift of the π-junction. In other words, the 0-0-π SQUID has a bistable state corresponding to the directions of circulating currents. π-leaps are generated by transiting between the two states of the bistable state. π-leaps are an ultra-fast phenomenon and are difficult to observe as they are. We prepared a half-flux quantum (HFQ)-SQUID that comprised two 0-0-π SQUIDs. π-leaps are reflected in a static characteristic, that is, a modulation pattern of the critical current in the HFQ-SQUID. We formed π-junctions with the PdNi layer on 0-junction-based circuits supplied by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. The modulation pattern of the HFQ-SQUID had a period corresponding to π-leaps as expected, although some microstructures were observed. We demonstrated that the microstructures originated from the asymmetry inside each 0-0-π SQUID by analyzing the relationship between the phase change of 0-0-π SQUIDs and the modulation patterns.