Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1010.4935

Correlation and Entanglement of Multipartite States

Y. B. Band, I. Osherov

Published Oct 24, 2010• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We derive a classification and a measure of classical- and quantum-correlation of multipartite qubit, qutrit, and in general, $n$-level systems, in terms of SU$(n)$ representations of density matrices. We compare the measure for the case of bipartite correlation with concurrence and the entropy of entanglement. The characterization of correlation is in terms of the number of nonzero singular values of the correlation matrix, but that of mixed state entanglement requires additional invariant parameters in the density matrix. For the bipartite qubit case, the condition for mixed state entanglement is written explicitly in terms of the invariant paramters in the density matrix. For identical particle systems we analyze the effects of exchange symmetry on classical and quantum correlation.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1010.4935

Related papers

Entanglement and quantum correlation measures for quantum multipartite mixed states

Arthur Vesperini, Ghofrane Bel-Hadj-Aissa, Roberto Franzosi

Entanglement, and quantum correlation, are precious resources for quantum technologies implementation based on quantum information science, such as quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum interferometry. Nevertheless, to our best knowledge, a directly or numerically computable measure for the entanglement of multipartite mixed states is still lacking. In this work, (i) we derive a measure of the degree of quantum correlation for mixed multipartite states. The latter possesses a closed-form expression valid in the general case unlike, to our best knowledge, all other known measures of quantum correlation. (ii) We further propose an entanglement measure, derived from this quantum correlation measure using a novel regularization procedure for the density matrix. Therefore, a comparison of the proposed measures, of quantum correlation and entanglement, allows one to distinguish between quantum correlation detached from entanglement and the one induced by entanglement and, hence, to identify separable but non-classical states. We have tested our quantum correlation and entanglement measures, on states well-known in literature: a general Bell diagonal state and the Werner states, which are easily tractable with our regularization procedure, and we have verified the accordance between our measures and the expected results for these states. Finally, we validate the two measures in two cases of multipartite states. The first is a generalization to three qubits of the Werner state, the second is a one-parameter three qubits mixed state interpolating between a bi-separable state and a genuine multipartite state, passing through a fully separable state.

arXiv:2205.07143•Scientific Reports•Feb 17, 2023•24 citations

Classification and quantification of qubit and qutrit multipartite pure state entanglement

Guoying Lu, Pan Feng, (1)辽宁师范大学物理系,大连 116029; (2)辽宁师范大学物理系,大连 116029;辽宁大学物理系,沈阳 110036

Classification and quantification of bipartite qubit, tripartite qubit, and bipartite qutrit entanglement are studied in detail based on the entanglement measure of multipartite pure states. The results show that different ways of pure state entanglement can be characterized by extremal values of the corresponding entanglement measure under the stochastic local operation and classical communication(SLOCC). Detailed analysis shows that there are three different kinds of entanglement under the SLOCC in both tripartite qubit and bipartite qutrit pure state systems. Comparison of the measure with the recently proposed entropy-product measure is made and briefly discussed.

Acta Physica Sinica•Jan 1, 2007•1 citation

Genuine Quantum and Classical Correlations in Multipartite Systems

Gian Luca Giorgi, Bruno Bellomo, Fernando Galve +1 more

Generalizing the quantifiers used to classify correlations in bipartite systems, we define genuine total, quantum, and classical correlations in multipartite systems. The measure we give is based on the use of relative entropy to quantify the distance between two density matrices. Moreover, we show that, for pure states of three qubits, both quantum and classical bipartite correlations obey a ladder ordering law fixed by two-body mutual informations, or, equivalently, by one-qubit entropies.

arXiv:1108.0434•Physical Review Letters•Nov 3, 2011•123 citations

Multipartite quantum and classical correlations in symmetric n-qubit mixed states

Gian Luca Giorgi, Steve Campbell

We discuss how to calculate genuine multipartite quantum and classical correlations in symmetric, spatially invariant, mixed n -qubit density matrices. We show that the existence of symmetries greatly reduces the amount of free parameters to be optimized in order to find the optimal measurement that minimizes the conditional entropy in the discord calculation. We apply this approach to the states exhibited dynamically during a thermodynamic protocol to extract maximum work. We also apply the symmetry criterion to a wide class of physically relevant cases of spatially homogeneous noise over multipartite entangled states. Exploiting symmetries we are able to calculate the non-local and genuine quantum features of these states and note some interesting properties.

arXiv:1409.1021•Quantum Information Processing•Aug 16, 2016•4 citations

A complete characterization of mixed state entanglement using probability density functions

Shanthanu Bhardwaj, Ravishankar, V.

We propose that the entanglement of mixed states is characterised properly in terms of a probability density function $\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{E})$. There is a need for such a measure since the prevalent measures (such as \textit{concurrence} and \textit{negativity}) are rough benchmarks, and not monotones of each other. Considering the specific case of two qubit mixed states, we provide an explicit construction of $\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{E})$ and show that it is characterised by a set of parameters, of which concurrence is but one particular combination. $\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{E})$ is manifestly invariant under $SU(2) \times SU(2)$ transformations. It can, in fact, reconstruct the state up to local operations - with the specification of at most four additional parameters. Finally the new measure resolves the controversy regarding the role of entanglement in quantum computation in NMR systems.

arXiv:quant-ph/0703017•Mar 2, 2007•0 citations

Geometric and Operational Characterization of Two-Qutrit Entanglement

Ankita Jana

We investigate the entanglement structure of bipartite two-qutrit pure states from both geometric and operational perspectives.Using the eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix, we analyze how symmetric polynomials characterize pairwise and genuinely three-level correlations. We show that the determinant of the coefficient matrix defines a natural, rank-sensitive geometric invariant that vanishes for all rank-2 states and is nonzero only for rank-3 entangled states. An explicit analytic constraint relating this determinant-based invariant to the I-concurrence is derived, thereby defining the physically accessible region of two-qutrit states in invariant space. Furthermore, we establish an operational correspondence with three-path optical interferometry and analyze conditional visibility and predictability in a qutrit quantum erasure protocol, including the effects of unequal path transmittances. Numerical demonstrations confirm the analytic results and the associated complementarity relations. These findings provide a unified geometric and operational framework for understanding two-qutrit entanglement.

quant-pharXiv:2601.06783•Jan 13, 2026•0 citations
We derive a classification and a measure of classical- and quantum-correlation of multipartite qubit, qutrit, and in general, nnn-level systems, in terms of SU(n)(n)(n) representations of density matrices. We compare the measure for the case of bipartite correlation with concurrence and the entropy of entanglement. The characterization of correlation is in terms of the number of nonzero singular values of the correlation matrix, but that of mixed state entanglement requires additional invariant parameters in the density matrix. For the bipartite qubit case, the condition for mixed state entanglement is written explicitly in terms of the invariant paramters in the density matrix. For identical particle systems we analyze the effects of exchange symmetry on classical and quantum correlation.
Entanglement, and quantum correlation, are precious resources for quantum technologies implementation based on quantum information science, such as quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum interferometry. Nevertheless, to our best knowledge, a directly or numerically computable measure for the entanglement of multipartite mixed states is still lacking. In this work, (i) we derive a measure of the degree of quantum correlation for mixed multipartite states. The latter possesses a closed-form expression valid in the general case unlike, to our best knowledge, all other known measures of quantum correlation. (ii) We further propose an entanglement measure, derived from this quantum correlation measure using a novel regularization procedure for the density matrix. Therefore, a comparison of the proposed measures, of quantum correlation and entanglement, allows one to distinguish between quantum correlation detached from entanglement and the one induced by entanglement and, hence, to identify separable but non-classical states. We have tested our quantum correlation and entanglement measures, on states well-known in literature: a general Bell diagonal state and the Werner states, which are easily tractable with our regularization procedure, and we have verified the accordance between our measures and the expected results for these states. Finally, we validate the two measures in two cases of multipartite states. The first is a generalization to three qubits of the Werner state, the second is a one-parameter three qubits mixed state interpolating between a bi-separable state and a genuine multipartite state, passing through a fully separable state.
Classification and quantification of bipartite qubit, tripartite qubit, and bipartite qutrit entanglement are studied in detail based on the entanglement measure of multipartite pure states. The results show that different ways of pure state entanglement can be characterized by extremal values of the corresponding entanglement measure under the stochastic local operation and classical communication(SLOCC). Detailed analysis shows that there are three different kinds of entanglement under the SLOCC in both tripartite qubit and bipartite qutrit pure state systems. Comparison of the measure with the recently proposed entropy-product measure is made and briefly discussed.
We discuss how to calculate genuine multipartite quantum and classical correlations in symmetric, spatially invariant, mixed n -qubit density matrices. We show that the existence of symmetries greatly reduces the amount of free parameters to be optimized in order to find the optimal measurement that minimizes the conditional entropy in the discord calculation. We apply this approach to the states exhibited dynamically during a thermodynamic protocol to extract maximum work. We also apply the symmetry criterion to a wide class of physically relevant cases of spatially homogeneous noise over multipartite entangled states. Exploiting symmetries we are able to calculate the non-local and genuine quantum features of these states and note some interesting properties.
We propose that the entanglement of mixed states is characterised properly in terms of a probability density function P(E)\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{E})P(E). There is a need for such a measure since the prevalent measures (such as \textit{concurrence} and \textit{negativity}) are rough benchmarks, and not monotones of each other. Considering the specific case of two qubit mixed states, we provide an explicit construction of P(E)\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{E})P(E) and show that it is characterised by a set of parameters, of which concurrence is but one particular combination. P(E)\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{E})P(E) is manifestly invariant under SU(2)×SU(2)SU(2) \times SU(2)SU(2)×SU(2) transformations. It can, in fact, reconstruct the state up to local operations - with the specification of at most four additional parameters. Finally the new measure resolves the controversy regarding the role of entanglement in quantum computation in NMR systems.
We investigate the entanglement structure of bipartite two-qutrit pure states from both geometric and operational perspectives.Using the eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix, we analyze how symmetric polynomials characterize pairwise and genuinely three-level correlations. We show that the determinant of the coefficient matrix defines a natural, rank-sensitive geometric invariant that vanishes for all rank-2 states and is nonzero only for rank-3 entangled states. An explicit analytic constraint relating this determinant-based invariant to the I-concurrence is derived, thereby defining the physically accessible region of two-qutrit states in invariant space. Furthermore, we establish an operational correspondence with three-path optical interferometry and analyze conditional visibility and predictability in a qutrit quantum erasure protocol, including the effects of unequal path transmittances. Numerical demonstrations confirm the analytic results and the associated complementarity relations. These findings provide a unified geometric and operational framework for understanding two-qutrit entanglement.