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arXiv:1010.3739 · Physical Review A

Efficient production of large K39 Bose-Einstein condensates

Robert L. D. Campbell, Robert P. Smith, Naaman Tammuz, Scott Beattie, Stuart Moulder, Zoran Hadzibabic

Published Dec 8, 2010• 45 citations
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Abstract

We describe an experimental setup and the cooling procedure for producing $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ Bose-Einstein condensates of over $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms. Condensation is achieved via a combination of sympathetic cooling with $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ in a quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration (QUIC) magnetic trap and direct evaporation in a large-volume crossed optical dipole trap, where we exploit the broad Feshbach resonance at 402 G to tune the $^{39}\mathrm{K}$ interactions from weak and attractive to strong and repulsive. In the same apparatus we create quasipure $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ condensates of over $8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.82.063611

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We describe an experimental setup and the cooling procedure for producing 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K Bose-Einstein condensates of over 4\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi1054\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}4\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi105 atoms. Condensation is achieved via a combination of sympathetic cooling with 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb in a quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration (QUIC) magnetic trap and direct evaporation in a large-volume crossed optical dipole trap, where we exploit the broad Feshbach resonance at 402 G to tune the 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K interactions from weak and attractive to strong and repulsive. In the same apparatus we create quasipure 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb condensates of over 8\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi1058\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}8\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi105 atoms.
We report the all-optical production of Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) of 39K^{39}\mathrm{K}39K atoms. We directly load $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ atoms in a large volume optical dipole trap from gray molasses on the D1 transition. We then apply a small magnetic quadrupole field to polarize the sample before transferring the atoms in a tightly confining optical trap. Evaporative cooling is finally performed close to a Feshbach resonance to enhance the scattering length. Our setup allows one to cross the BEC threshold with $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms every 7 s. As an illustration of the interest of the tunability of the interactions we study the expansion of Bose-Einstein condensates in the one-dimensional to three-dimensional crossover.
We report the realization of a Bose-Einstein condensate of 39{}^{39}39K atoms without the aid of an additional atomic coolant. Our route to Bose-Einstein condensation comprises sub-Doppler laser cooling of large atomic clouds with more than 1010{10}^{10}1010 atoms and evaporative cooling in an optical dipole trap where the collisional cross section can be increased using magnetic Feshbach resonances. Large condensates with almost 106{10}^{6}106 atoms can be produced in less than 15 s. Our achievements eliminate the need for sympathetic cooling with Rb atoms, which was the usual route implemented until now due to the unfavorable collisional property of 39{}^{39}39K. Our findings simplify the experimental setup for producing Bose-Einstein condensates of 39{}^{39}39K atoms with tunable interactions, which have a wide variety of promising applications, including atom interferometry to studies on the interplay of disorder and interactions in quantum gases.
We produce a Bose-Einstein condensate of 39K atoms. Condensation of this species with a naturally small and negative scattering length is achieved by a combination of sympathetic cooling with 87Rb and direct evaporation, exploiting the magnetic tuning of both inter- and intraspecies interactions at Feshbach resonances. We explore the tunability of the self-interactions by studying the expansion and the stability of the condensate. We find that a 39K condensate is interesting for future experiments requiring a weakly-interacting Bose gas.
We report a rapid evaporative cooling method using a hybrid trap which is composed of a quadrupole magnetic trap and a one-beam optical dipole trap. It contains two kinds of evaporative coolings to reach the quantum degeneracy: initial radio-frequency (RF) enforced evaporative cooling in the quadrupole magnetic trap and further runaway evaporative cooling in the optical dipole trap. The hybrid trap does not require a very high power laser such as that in the traditional pure optical trap, but still has a deep trap depth and a large trap volume, and has better optical access than the normal magnetic trap like the quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration (QUIC) cloverleaf trap. A high trap frequency can be easily realized in the hybrid trap to enhance the elastic collision rate and shorten the evaporative cooling time. In our experiment, pure Bose—Einstein condensates (BECs) with about 1 × 10 5 atoms can be realized in 6 s evaporative cooling in the optical dipole trap.
We describe our high-performance experimental apparatus for producing large atom number 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates by using a double magneto-optical trap (MOT) system that consists of a two-dimensional MOT (2D MOT) and a three-dimensional MOT (3D MOT). As an atomic beam source for loading the 3D MOT, we use a unique 2D MOT system with two-color pushing beams, which increase the loading rate and the total number of atoms in the 3D MOT, compared to a pure 2D MOT by a factor of 20. After MOT compression and polarization gradient cooling, atoms are optically pumped into a magnetically trappable hyperfine state |F = 1, m F = −1〉 to be loaded into a quadrupole-Ioffe-configuration (QUIC) trap. We enhance this optical pumping process by up to 300% by using two laser beams. After rf evaporative cooling, a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with more than 2 × 107 atoms is achieved.
We describe our experimental setup for creating stable Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of (85)Rb with tunable interparticle interactions. We use sympathetic cooling with (87)Rb in two stages, initially in a tight Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap and subsequently in a weak, large-volume, crossed optical dipole trap, using the 155 G Feshbach resonance to manipulate the elastic and inelastic scattering properties of the (85)Rb atoms. Typical (85)Rb condensates contain 4 x 10(4) atoms with a scattering length of a=+200a(0). Many aspects of the design presented here could be adapted to other dual-species BEC machines, including those involving degenerate Fermi-Bose mixtures. Our minimalist apparatus is well suited to experiments on dual-species and spinor Rb condensates, and has several simplifications over the (85)Rb BEC machine at JILA, which we discuss at the end of this article.