Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:1010.0848

The use of squeezed states and balanced homodyne for detecting gravitational waves

Y. Ben-Aryeh

Published Oct 5, 2010• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The possibility of using squeezed states and balanced homodyne detection of gravitational waves is discussed. It is shown that the quantum noise due to high laser intensities in Michelson interferometer for gravitational waves detection can be reduced by sending squeezed vacuum states to the 'dark' port of the interferometer. The present analysis describes photon statistics measurements effects related to quadrature balanced homodyne detection showing the advantage of using this scheme for detecting gravitational waves.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.1010.0848

Related papers

Reduction of quantum noise and increase of amplification of gravitational waves signals in Michelson interferometer by the use of squeezed states

Y. Ben-Aryeh

It is shown in the present Letter that the quantum noise due to high laser intensities in Michelson interferometer for gravitational waves detection can be reduced by sending squeezed vacuum states to the 'dark' port of the interferometer. The experimental details of such physical system have been described in a recent article by Barak and Ben-Aryeh (JOSA-B, 25, 361(2008)). In another very recent article by Voronov and Weyrauch (Phys. Rev.A 81, 053816 (2010)) they have followed our methods for treating the same physical system, and have pointed out an error in the sign of one of our expressions thus claiming for the elimination of our physical results. I show here a method by which the expectation value for the photon number operator is increased and at the same time the standard deviation is reduced. Although due to the mistake in sign in our expression the physical method for obtaining such result is different from our original study [1], the main physical effect can remain .

arXiv:1005.4790•May 26, 2010•0 citations

10 dB Quantum-Enhanced Michelson Interferometer with Balanced Homodyne Detection

J. Heinze, K. Danzmann, B. Willke +1 more

Future generations of gravitational-wave detectors (GWD) are targeting an effective quantum noise reduction of 10 dB via the application of squeezed states of light. In the last joint observation run O3, the advanced large-scale GWDs LIGO and Virgo already used the squeezing technology, albeit with a moderate efficiency. Here, we report on the first successful 10 dB sensitivity enhancement of a shot-noise limited tabletop Michelson interferometer via squeezed light in the fundamental Gaussian laser mode, where we also implement the balanced homodyne detection scheme that is planned for the third GWD generation. In addition, we achieved a similarly strong quantum noise reduction when the interferometer was operated in higher-order Hermite-Gaussian modes, which are discussed for the GWD thermal noise mitigation. Our results are an important step toward the targeted quantum noise level in future GWDs and, moreover, represent significant progress in the application of nonclassical states in higher-order modes for interferometry, increased spatial resolution, and multichannel sensing.

Physical Review Letters•Jul 11, 2022•26 citations

Vacuum fluctuations and balanced homodyne detection through ideal multi-mode photon number or power counting detectors

Kouji Nakamura

The balanced homodyne detection as a readout scheme of gravitational-wave detectors is carefully examined, which specifies the directly measured quantum operator in the detection. This specification is necessary to apply the quantum measurement theory to gravitational-wave detections. We clarify the contribution of vacuum fluctuations to the noise spectral density without using the two-photon formulation. We found that the noise spectral density in the two-photon formulation includes vacuum fluctuations from the main interferometer but does not includes those from the local oscillator which depends on the directly measured operators.

arXiv:2101.11838•Jan 28, 2021•0 citations

Advanced techniques for squeezed-light-enhanced gravitational-wave detection

J. Gniesmer

Quantum noise is one of the limiting factors in laser-interferometric gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. The application of squeezed states in these interferometers allows the reduction of quantum noise in one quadrature. Due to opto-mechanical coupling in a GW detector the squeezed quadrature needs to be rotated within the spectrum to achieve a broadband noise reduction. So far, the implementation of additional filter cavities is considered that allow for the optimal, frequency-dependent rotation of the squeezed quadrature. However, these cavities need to have low loss, a length in the order of \unit[100]{m} and must be situated in the vacuum system, making them cost-intensive. In 2017, Ma and coworkers proposed a scheme for the broadband quantum-noise reduction without the need of additional filter cavities. It was shown by Brown et al. that a similar scheme can be used to broadband-enhance interferometers with a detuned signal-recycling cavity. Here, we performed a proof-of-principle experiment of the proposal on a table-top-scale. Squeezed states were produced detuned to the carrier field of a \unit[2.5]{m}-linear cavity and read out in a bichromatic homodyne detection. The frequencies of the lower and upper local oscillator were at entangled sidebands of the squeezed field. Depending on the relations between the involved frequencies, we can address both variants of the proposal. We show, that the frequency-dependences of the resulting noise spectra fit to a theoretical model we derived from the theory used by Ma et al. With this work we set the path towards an implementation of these schemes in a GW-detector prototype, where the compatibility of the approach with a low-frequency suspended interferometer can be tested. Moreover, we used the same setup to show nonclassical interferometer enhancement at low frequencies by high-frequency squeezed states. Here, a heterodyne readout scheme was implemented to avoid limiting noises at low frequencies. The application of squeezed states centered around the local oscillator frequency yielded an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio of $\unit[3.4]{dB}\pm\unit[0.3]{dB}$. Additionally, I designed, built and characterized a compact source of squeezed vacuum-states at \unit[1064]{nm} with a footprint of just $\unit[0.8]{m^2}$. I show measurements of squeezed states from this source with a reduction of quantum noise of $\unit[10.7]{dB}\pm\unit[0.2]{dB}$ below the vacuum noise and present a noise reduction in the frequency range from \unit[70]{kHz} to \unit[65]{MHz}.

•Jan 1, 2019•0 citations

Reduction of quantum noise in optical interferometers using squeezed light

Michael Weyrauch, Volodymyr G. Voronov

We study the photon counting noise in optical interferometers used for gravitational wave detection. In order to reduce quantum noise a squeezed vacuum state is injected into the usually unused input port. Here, we specifically investigate the so-called “dark port case,” when the beam splitter is oriented close to 90° to the incoming laser beam, such that nearly all photons go to one output port of the interferometer, and only a small fraction of photons is seen in the other port (“dark port”). For this case it had been suggested that signal amplification is possible without concurrent noise amplification [R. Barak and Y. Ben-Aryeh, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25 , 361 (2008)]. We show that by injection of a squeezed vacuum state into the second input port, counting noise is reduced for large values of the squeezing factor, however the signal is not amplified. Signal strength only depends on the intensity of the laser beam.

arXiv:1010.5062•Optics and Spectroscopy•Nov 1, 2011•2 citations

Input spectrum for heterodyne detection in advanced gravitational wave detectors without non-stationary shot-noise

P. T. Beyersdorf

Future interferometric gravitational wave detectors will make use of the coupling between shot noise and radiation pressure noise that produces a squeezed output for the quantum noise at the dark-port of the interferometer allowing these interferometers to operate with a sensitivity that exceeds the standard quantum limit at certain frequencies. The ability of the detector to take advantage of this squeezed output state depends in part on the readout system used. With the phase modulated laser input planned for these interferometers the quantum-noise limited sensitivity is slightly better when homodyne (rather than heterodyne) detection is used. We show that by modifying the laser input spectrum for these interferometers, readout with heterodyne detection can be made to have the same quantum-noise limited sensitivity as readout with homodyne detection.

arXiv:gr-qc/0609113•Sep 25, 2006•0 citations
The possibility of using squeezed states and balanced homodyne detection of gravitational waves is discussed. It is shown that the quantum noise due to high laser intensities in Michelson interferometer for gravitational waves detection can be reduced by sending squeezed vacuum states to the 'dark' port of the interferometer. The present analysis describes photon statistics measurements effects related to quadrature balanced homodyne detection showing the advantage of using this scheme for detecting gravitational waves.
It is shown in the present Letter that the quantum noise due to high laser intensities in Michelson interferometer for gravitational waves detection can be reduced by sending squeezed vacuum states to the 'dark' port of the interferometer. The experimental details of such physical system have been described in a recent article by Barak and Ben-Aryeh (JOSA-B, 25, 361(2008)). In another very recent article by Voronov and Weyrauch (Phys. Rev.A 81, 053816 (2010)) they have followed our methods for treating the same physical system, and have pointed out an error in the sign of one of our expressions thus claiming for the elimination of our physical results. I show here a method by which the expectation value for the photon number operator is increased and at the same time the standard deviation is reduced. Although due to the mistake in sign in our expression the physical method for obtaining such result is different from our original study [1], the main physical effect can remain .
Future generations of gravitational-wave detectors (GWD) are targeting an effective quantum noise reduction of 10 dB via the application of squeezed states of light. In the last joint observation run O3, the advanced large-scale GWDs LIGO and Virgo already used the squeezing technology, albeit with a moderate efficiency. Here, we report on the first successful 10 dB sensitivity enhancement of a shot-noise limited tabletop Michelson interferometer via squeezed light in the fundamental Gaussian laser mode, where we also implement the balanced homodyne detection scheme that is planned for the third GWD generation. In addition, we achieved a similarly strong quantum noise reduction when the interferometer was operated in higher-order Hermite-Gaussian modes, which are discussed for the GWD thermal noise mitigation. Our results are an important step toward the targeted quantum noise level in future GWDs and, moreover, represent significant progress in the application of nonclassical states in higher-order modes for interferometry, increased spatial resolution, and multichannel sensing.
The balanced homodyne detection as a readout scheme of gravitational-wave detectors is carefully examined, which specifies the directly measured quantum operator in the detection. This specification is necessary to apply the quantum measurement theory to gravitational-wave detections. We clarify the contribution of vacuum fluctuations to the noise spectral density without using the two-photon formulation. We found that the noise spectral density in the two-photon formulation includes vacuum fluctuations from the main interferometer but does not includes those from the local oscillator which depends on the directly measured operators.
Quantum noise is one of the limiting factors in laser-interferometric gravitational-wave (GW) detectors. The application of squeezed states in these interferometers allows the reduction of quantum noise in one quadrature. Due to opto-mechanical coupling in a GW detector the squeezed quadrature needs to be rotated within the spectrum to achieve a broadband noise reduction. So far, the implementation of additional filter cavities is considered that allow for the optimal, frequency-dependent rotation of the squeezed quadrature. However, these cavities need to have low loss, a length in the order of \unit[100]{m} and must be situated in the vacuum system, making them cost-intensive. In 2017, Ma and coworkers proposed a scheme for the broadband quantum-noise reduction without the need of additional filter cavities. It was shown by Brown et al. that a similar scheme can be used to broadband-enhance interferometers with a detuned signal-recycling cavity. Here, we performed a proof-of-principle experiment of the proposal on a table-top-scale. Squeezed states were produced detuned to the carrier field of a \unit[2.5]{m}-linear cavity and read out in a bichromatic homodyne detection. The frequencies of the lower and upper local oscillator were at entangled sidebands of the squeezed field. Depending on the relations between the involved frequencies, we can address both variants of the proposal. We show, that the frequency-dependences of the resulting noise spectra fit to a theoretical model we derived from the theory used by Ma et al. With this work we set the path towards an implementation of these schemes in a GW-detector prototype, where the compatibility of the approach with a low-frequency suspended interferometer can be tested. Moreover, we used the same setup to show nonclassical interferometer enhancement at low frequencies by high-frequency squeezed states. Here, a heterodyne readout scheme was implemented to avoid limiting noises at low frequencies. The application of squeezed states centered around the local oscillator frequency yielded an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio of $\unit[3.4]{dB}\pm\unit[0.3]{dB}$. Additionally, I designed, built and characterized a compact source of squeezed vacuum-states at \unit[1064]{nm} with a footprint of just $\unit[0.8]{m^2}$. I show measurements of squeezed states from this source with a reduction of quantum noise of $\unit[10.7]{dB}\pm\unit[0.2]{dB}$ below the vacuum noise and present a noise reduction in the frequency range from \unit[70]{kHz} to \unit[65]{MHz}.
We study the photon counting noise in optical interferometers used for gravitational wave detection. In order to reduce quantum noise a squeezed vacuum state is injected into the usually unused input port. Here, we specifically investigate the so-called “dark port case,” when the beam splitter is oriented close to 90° to the incoming laser beam, such that nearly all photons go to one output port of the interferometer, and only a small fraction of photons is seen in the other port (“dark port”). For this case it had been suggested that signal amplification is possible without concurrent noise amplification [R. Barak and Y. Ben-Aryeh, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25 , 361 (2008)]. We show that by injection of a squeezed vacuum state into the second input port, counting noise is reduced for large values of the squeezing factor, however the signal is not amplified. Signal strength only depends on the intensity of the laser beam.
Future interferometric gravitational wave detectors will make use of the coupling between shot noise and radiation pressure noise that produces a squeezed output for the quantum noise at the dark-port of the interferometer allowing these interferometers to operate with a sensitivity that exceeds the standard quantum limit at certain frequencies. The ability of the detector to take advantage of this squeezed output state depends in part on the readout system used. With the phase modulated laser input planned for these interferometers the quantum-noise limited sensitivity is slightly better when homodyne (rather than heterodyne) detection is used. We show that by modifying the laser input spectrum for these interferometers, readout with heterodyne detection can be made to have the same quantum-noise limited sensitivity as readout with homodyne detection.