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arXiv:1009.5006 · Optics Express

Observation of Young’s double-slit interference with the three-photon N00N state

Yong‐Su Kim, Osung Kwon, Sang Min Lee, Jong Chan Lee, Heonoh Kim, Sang-Kyung Choi, Hee Su Park, Yoon-Ho Kim

Published Nov 22, 2011• 30 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Spatial interference of quantum mechanical particles exhibits a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics. A two-mode entangled state of N particles known as N00N state can give rise to non-classical interference. We report the first experimental observation of a three-photon N00N state exhibiting Young's double-slit type spatial quantum interference. Compared to a single-photon state, the three-photon entangled state generates interference fringes that are three times denser. Moreover, its interference visibility of 0.49 ± 0.09 is well above the limit of 0.1 for spatial super-resolution of classical origin.

DOI
10.1364/oe.19.024957

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Spatial interference of quantum mechanical particles exhibits a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics. A two-mode entangled state of N particles known as N00N state can give rise to non-classical interference. We report the first experimental observation of a three-photon N00N state exhibiting Young's double-slit type spatial quantum interference. Compared to a single-photon state, the three-photon entangled state generates interference fringes that are three times denser. Moreover, its interference visibility of 0.49 ± 0.09 is well above the limit of 0.1 for spatial super-resolution of classical origin.
Spatial interference of quantum mechanical particles exhibits a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics. A two-mode entangled state of N particles known as N00N state can give rise to non-classical interference. We report the first experimental observation of a three-photon N00N state exhibiting Young's double-slit type spatial quantum interference. Compared to a single-photon state, the three-photon entangled state generates interference fringes that are three times denser. Moreover, its interference visibility of 0.49 ± 0.09 is well above the limit of 0.1 for spatial super-resolution of classical origin. The demonstration of spatial quantum interference by a N00N state composed of more than two photons represents an important step towards applying quantum entanglement to technologies such as lithography and imaging.
N00N states-maximally path-entangled states of N photons-exhibit spatial interference patterns sharper than any classical interference pattern. This is known as superresolution. However, even given perfectly efficient number-resolving detectors, the detection efficiency of all previous measurements of such interference would decrease exponentially with the number of photons in the N00N state, often leading to the conclusion that N00N states are unsuitable for spatial measurements. A technique known as the "optical centroid measurement" has been proposed to solve this and has been experimentally verified for photon pairs; here we present the first extension beyond two photons, measuring the superresolution fringes of two-, three-, and four-photon N00N states. Moreover, we compare the N00N-state interference to the corresponding classical superresolution interference. Although both provide the same increase in spatial frequency, the visibility of the classical fringes decreases exponentially with the number of detected photons. Our work represents an essential step forward for quantum-enhanced measurements, overcoming what was believed to be a fundamental challenge to quantum metrology.
Maximally entangled NOON states are proposed to be generated with NNN independent photons and a fixed double-slit in the Young's interference experiment. A strict condition is required that these photons have to be arranged in a straight line and separated from each other by certain equal distances. The initial product state turns into a NOON state of the photons at the double-slit, after NNN-photon postselected measurements. With a spatially random laser beam, we experimentally investigate the high-order correlation functions to imitate the behavior of the single-photon and NNN-photon wave packets of the NOON states. Since the NNN-photon wave packet is the product of NNN single-photon wave packets, two methods are adopted to observe the superresolved fringes. The first method is to use the product of the second-order correlation functions. The second one is to measure the 2Nth2N\mathrm{th}2Nth-order correlation functions. In the both cases, the superresolved fringes of up to fourth order are successfully observed.
The quantum interference phenomenon was observed in Young’s double-slit experiment using a single photon, and then, the validity of quantum mechanics was demonstrated. However, the reason these fringes appear has not been completely explained yet because photon motion has not been investigated in detail. We found a method to observe the motion of photons using the properties of optical fibers and showed vector diagrams of the photon motion near the double-slit. The photons gradually changed their direction while intersecting and formed interference fringes. In addition, utilizing the mode property of the fiber, we observed fringes at its output end, even when one of the two interfering waves could not transmit through the fiber.