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arXiv:1008.4097 · Applied Physics Letters

Deterministic nanoassembly of a coupled quantum emitter–photonic crystal cavity system

Toeno van der Sar, J. Hagemeier, Wolfgang Pfaff, E. C. Heeres, Susanna M. Thon, H. Kim, Pierre M. Petroff, Tjerk H. Oosterkamp, D. Bouwmeester, Ronald Hanson

Published May 9, 2011• 102 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Controlling the interaction of a single quantum emitter with its environment is a key challenge in quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate deterministic coupling of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers to high-quality photonic crystal cavities. We preselect single NV centers and position their 50-nm-sized host nanocrystals into the mode maximum of photonic crystal S1 cavities with few-nanometer accuracy. The coupling results in a strong enhancement of NV center emission at the cavity wavelength.

DOI
10.1063/1.3571437

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Controlling the interaction of a single quantum emitter with its environment is a key challenge in quantum optics. Here, we demonstrate deterministic coupling of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers to high-quality photonic crystal cavities. We preselect single NV centers and position their 50-nm-sized host nanocrystals into the mode maximum of photonic crystal S1 cavities with few-nanometer accuracy. The coupling results in a strong enhancement of NV center emission at the cavity wavelength.
The negatively charged nitrogen vacancy center (NV) in diamond has generated significant interest as a platform for quantum information processing and sensing in the solid state. For most applications, high quality optical cavities are required to enhance the NV zero-phonon line (ZPL) emission. An outstanding challenge in maximizing the degree of NV-cavity coupling is the deterministic placement of NVs within the cavity. Here, we report photonic crystal nanobeam cavities coupled to NVs incorporated by a delta-doping technique that allows nanometer-scale vertical positioning of the emitters. We demonstrate cavities with Q up to ∼24 000 and mode volume V ∼ 0.47(λ/n)3 as well as resonant enhancement of the ZPL of an NV ensemble with Purcell factor of ∼20. Our fabrication technique provides a first step towards deterministic NV-cavity coupling using spatial control of the emitters.
Summary form only given. Deterministic coupling of a single emitter to a photonic crystal cavity is an important step towards the realization of integrated solid-state devices for quantum photonics. As single emitters, color centers in diamond, e.g. the Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center or the Silicon-Vacancy (SiV) center have attracted significant interest due to their extraordinary properties like long spin-coherence times or narrowband and bright single photon emission, respectively. For the realization of recent proposals like cavity-enhanced spin measurements or cavity-enhanced single photon sources, it is necessary to couple single color centers to a cavity with small mode volume and high quality factor. Photonic crystal cavities directly fabricated within a monocrystalline diamond membrane are well suited for this task, as they offer tiny mode volumes for efficient emitter-cavity coupling as well as scalable architectures for integrated photonic devices.In order to achieve controlled coupling of a color center to a photonic crystal cavity, several challenges have to be tackled, e.g. exact emitter positioning and alignment of its dipole moment with the cavity electric field as well as the ability for cavity tuning. For deterministic emitter-cavity positioning, two different routes can be pursued: In the first approach, a single emitter is localized within the diamond, its dipole orientation is determined and the cavity is subsequently structured around it. In the second approach, the cavity is fabricated first and a single color center is created within the cavity, e.g. via ion implantion or creation of vacancies. Here we present strategies to realize both methods for deterministic emitter-cavity coupling. For the first approach, we use a monocrystalline diamond film containing single SiV centers. Figure 1a) shows a fluorescence scan of a single SiV center with position markers next to it. The position markers are subsequently used to structure a photonic crystal cavity around the color center using focused ion beam milling [1]. Figures 1b) and c) show SEMimages before and after the cavity fabrication. The photonic crystal lattice constant a ≈ 283nm is chosen such that the cavity modes are red shifted with respect to the SiV emission lines. Using an oxidation tuning method, the cavity modes are tuned into resonance with the zero-phonon line at 740nm of a single SiV center (see Fig. 1d)). On resonance, we measure an intensity enhancement by a factor of 3.8 compared to the off-resonant case.
We describe and experimentally demonstrate a technique for deterministic, large coupling between a photonic crystal (PC) nanocavity and single photon emitters. The technique is based on in situ scanning of a PC cavity over a sample and allows the precise positioning of the cavity over a desired emitter with nanoscale resolution. The power of the technique is demonstrated by coupling the PC nanocavity to a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond, an emitter system that provides optically accessible electron and nuclear spin qubits.
Towards building large-scale integrated photonic systems for quantum information processing, spatial and spectral alignment of single quantum systems to photonic nanocavities is required. Here, we demonstrate spatially targeted implantation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers into the mode maximum of 2-d diamond photonic crystal cavities with quality factors up to 8000, achieving an average of 1:1 0:2 NVs per cavity. Nearly all NV-cavity systems have significant emission intensity enhancement, reaching a cavity-fed spectrally selective intensity enhancement, Fint, of up to 93. Although spatial NV-cavity overlap is nearly guaranteed within about 40 nm, spectral tuning of the NV’s zero-phonon-line (ZPL) is still necessary after fabrication. To demonstrate spectral control, we temperature tune a cavity into an NV ZPL, yielding FZPL int ~ 5 at cryogenic temperatures.
Abstract We demonstrate the ability to modify the emission properties and enhance the interaction strength of single‐photon emitters coupled to nanophotonic structures based on metals and dielectrics. Assembly of individual diamond nanocrystals, metal nanoparticles, and photonic crystal cavities to meta‐structures is introduced. Experiments concerning controlled coupling of single defect centers in nanodiamonds to optical nanoantennas made of gold bowtie structures are reviewed. By placing one and the same emitter at various locations with high precision, a map of decay rate enhancements was obtained. Furthermore, we demonstrate the formation of a hybrid cavity quantum electrodynamics system in which a single defect center is coupled to a single mode of a gallium phosphite photonic crystal cavity.
We present the controlled creation of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers via ion implantation at the center of a photonic crystal cavity which is fabricated in an ultrapure, single crystal diamond membrane. High-resolution placement of NV centers is achieved using collimation of a 5 keV-nitrogen ion beam through a pierced tip of an atomic force microscope. We demonstrate coupling of the implanted NV centers' broad band fluorescence to a cavity mode and observe Purcell enhancement of the spontaneous emission. The results are in good agreement with a master equation model for the cavity coupling.