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arXiv:1007.5116 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Second-order supersymmetric operators and excited states

Micheal S. Berger, Nail S. Ussembayev

Published Aug 27, 2010• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Factorization of quantum mechanical Hamiltonians has been a useful technique for some time. This procedure has been given an elegant description by supersymmetric quantum mechanics, and the subject has become well developed. We demonstrate that the existence of raising and lowering operators for the harmonic oscillator (and many other potentials) can be extended to their supersymmetric partners. The double supersymmetry (or a factorization chain) is used to obtain non-singular isospectral potentials, and the explicit expressions for the ladder operators, wavefunctions and probability densities are provided. This application avoids the technical complexities of the most general approaches, and requires relatively modest methods from supersymmetric quantum mechanics.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/43/38/385309

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Factorization of quantum mechanical Hamiltonians has been a useful technique for some time. This procedure has been given an elegant description by supersymmetric quantum mechanics, and the subject has become well developed. We demonstrate that the existence of raising and lowering operators for the harmonic oscillator (and many other potentials) can be extended to their supersymmetric partners. The double supersymmetry (or a factorization chain) is used to obtain non-singular isospectral potentials, and the explicit expressions for the ladder operators, wavefunctions and probability densities are provided. This application avoids the technical complexities of the most general approaches, and requires relatively modest methods from supersymmetric quantum mechanics.
The development of supersymmetric (SUSY) quantum mechanics has shown that some of the insights based on the algebraic properties of ladder operators related to the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator (QMHO) carry over to the study of more general systems. At this level of generality, pairs of eigenfunctions of so-called partner Hamiltonians are transformed into each other, but the entire spectrum of any one of them cannot be deduced from this intertwining relationship in general – except in special cases. In this paper, we present a more general structure that provides all eigenvalues for a class of Hamiltonians that do not factor into a pair of operators satisfying canonical commutation relations. Instead of a pair of partner Hamiltonians, we consider two pairs that differ by an overall shift in their spectrum. This is called coupled supersymmetry. In that case, we also develop coherent states and present some uncertainty principles which generalise the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Coupled SUSY is explicitly realised by an infinite family of differential operators which admit orthonormal bases of eigenfunctions of generalised harmonic oscillators.
A simple way to construct exactly solvable Hamiltonians whose spectra contain two equidistant ladders, one finite and another infinite, appears when applying supersymmetric quantum mechanics to the harmonic oscillator. Some of those supersymmetric partners have third order differential ladder operators, although the order of the transformation is higher than one. In this work the linearized coherent states for these specific Hamiltonians are studied. To each SUSY partner Hamiltonian corresponds two families of linearized coherent states: one inside the subspace associated with the isospectral part of the spectrum and another one in the finite subspace generated by the states inserted through the SUSY technique.
In this work we present an introduction to Supersymmetry in the context of 1-dimensional Quantum Mechanics. For that purpose we develop the concept of hamiltonians factorization using the simple harmonic oscillator as an example, we introduce the supersymmetric oscilator and, next, we generalize these concepts to introduce the fundamentals of Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics. We also discuss useful tools to solve problems in Quantum Mechanics which are intrinsecally related to Supersymmetry as hierarchy of hamiltonians and shape invariance. We present two approximation methods which will be specially useful: the well known Variational Method and the Logarithmic Perturbation Theory, the latter being closely related to the concepts of superpotentials and hierarchy of hamiltonians. Finally, we present problems related to superpotentials which are monomials in even powers of the x coordinate multiplied by the sign function epsilon(x), which seems to be a new class of problems in Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics.
We present here a supersymmetric (SUSY) approach for determining excitation energies within the context of a quantum Monte Carlo scheme. By using the fact that SUSY quantum mechanics gives rises to a series of isospectral Hamiltonians, we show that Monte Carlo ground-state calculations in the SUSY partners can be used to reconstruct accurately both the spectrum and states of an arbitrary Schrodinger equation. Since the ground state of each partner potential is nodeless, we avoid any "node" problem typically associated with the Monte Carlo technique. Although we provide an example of using this approach to determine the tunneling states in a double-well potential, the method is applicable to any 1D potential problem. We conclude by discussing the extension to higher dimensions.
We review SUSY in non-relativistic quantum mechanics as a powerful tool for studying one dimensional potentials and discuss some applications. The Dirac operatorial factorization method for the harmonic oscillator in QM is generalized to a broader scope. A Schr¨odinger second order operator can be factorized into two first-order ones by solving a Riccati equation and determining the corresponding superpotential. We apply the technique to square well, P¨oschl-Teller and finite barrier potentials, analyzing the resulting energy spectra and the transmission and reflection coefficients. Both discrete and continuous energy spectrum cases are discussed.
We present here a supersymmetric (SUSY) approach for determining excitation energies within the context of a quantum Monte Carlo scheme. By using the fact that SUSY quantum mechanics gives rises to a series of isospectral Hamiltonians, we show that Monte Carlo ground-state calculations in the SUSY partners can be used to reconstruct accurately both the spectrum and states of an arbitrary Schrödinger equation. Since the ground-state of each partner potential is node-less, we avoid any ``node''-problem typically associated with the Monte Carlo technique. While we provide an example of using this approach to determine the tunneling states in a double-well potential, the method is applicable to any 1D potential problem. We conclude by discussing the extension to higher dimensions.