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arXiv:1007.4827 · Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Topological superfluids on a lattice with non-Abelian gauge fields

A. Kubasiak, Pietro Massignan, Maciej Lewenstein

Published Nov 1, 2010• 37 citations
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Abstract

Two-component fermionic superfluids on a lattice with an external non-Abelian gauge field give access to a variety of topological phases in the presence of a sufficiently large spin imbalance. We address here the important issue of superfluidity breakdown induced by spin imbalance by a self-consistent calculation of the pairing gap, showing which of the predicted phases will be experimentally accessible. We present the full topological phase diagram, and we analyze the connection between Chern numbers and the existence of topologically protected and non-protected edge modes. The Chern numbers are calculated via a very efficient and simple method.

DOI
10.1209/0295-5075/92/46004

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Two-component fermionic superfluids on a lattice with an external non-Abelian gauge field give access to a variety of topological phases in the presence of a sufficiently large spin imbalance. We address here the important issue of superfluidity breakdown induced by spin imbalance by a self-consistent calculation of the pairing gap, showing which of the predicted phases will be experimentally accessible. We present the full topological phase diagram, and we analyze the connection between Chern numbers and the existence of topologically protected and non-protected edge modes. The Chern numbers are calculated via a very efficient and simple method.
Abstract We propose a novel scheme to realize non-Abelian dynamical gauge field for ultracold fermions, and uncover a new pairing mechanism for topological superfluidity. The dynamical gauge fields arise from a nontrivial compensation effect between the large Zeeman detuning and strong Hubbard interaction in a two-dimensional (2D) optical Raman lattice. The spin-flip transitions are forbidden by the large Zeeman detuning, but restored when the Zeeman splitting is compensated by Hubbard interaction, generating a dynamical non-Abelian gauge field that leads to a correlated 2D spin-orbit interaction depending on local state configurations. The topological superfluid from a novel pairing driven by 2D dynamical gauge fields is reached with high feasibility, showing a broad phase region without competing orders at relevant fillings, and can be easily prepared in experiment. Our work can open up an avenue to emulate non-Abelian dynamical gauge fields and exotic correlated topological phases with feasibility and particularly, paves the way for realizing the non-Abelian topological superfluids.
Large Chern-number topological phase is always an important topic in modern physics. Here we investigate the topological superfluids in a coupled-layer system, in which transitions between different topological superfluids can be realized by controlling the binding energy, interlayer tunneling, and layer asymmetry, etc. These topological transitions are characterized by energy gap closing and reopening at the critical points at zero momentum, where the Chern number and sign of Pfaffian undergo a discontinuous change. Topological protected edge modes at the boundaries are ensured by the bulk-edge correspondence. In a trapped potential the edge modes are spatially localized at the interfaces between distinct topological superfluids, where the number of edge modes is equal to the Chern-number difference between the left and right superfluids. These topological transitions can be detected by spin texture at or near zero momentum, which changes discretely across the critical points due to band inversion. The model can be generalized to a multilayer system in which the Chern number can be equal to any positive integer. These large Chern-number topological superfluids provide fertile grounds for exploring exotic quantum matters in the context of ultracold atoms.
Recent advanced experimental implementations of optical lattices with highly tunable geometry open up new regimes for exploring quantum many-body states of matter that had not been accessible previously. Here we report that a topological fermionic superfluid with higher Chern number emerges spontaneously from sss-wave spin-singlet pairing in an orbital optical lattice when its geometry is tuned to explicitly break reflection symmetry. Qualitatively distinct from the conventional scheme that relies on higher partial-wave pairing, the crucial ingredient of our model is topology originating from mixing higher Wannier orbitals. It leads to unexpected changes in the topological band structure at the single-particle level, i.e., the bands are transformed from possessing two flux-$\ensuremath{\pi}$ Dirac points into a single quadratic touching point with flux $2\ensuremath{\pi}$. Based on such engineered single-particle bands, spin-singlet pairing of ultracold fermions arising from standard sss-wave attractive interaction is found to induce higher Chern number (Chern number of 2) and topologically protected chiral edge modes, all occurring at a higher critical temperatures in relative scales, potentially circumventing one of the major obstacle for its realization in ultracold gases.
We consider a two-component Fermi gas with attractive interactions on a square optical lattice, and study the interplay of Zeeman field, spin-orbit coupling, and next-nearest-neighbor hopping on the ground-state phase diagrams in the entire BCS-BEC evolution. In particular, we first classify and distinguish all possible superfluid phases by the momentum-space topology of their zero-energy quasiparticle-quasihole excitations, and then numerically establish a plethora of quantum phase transitions in between. These transitions are further signaled and evidenced by the changes in the corresponding topological invariant of the system, i.e., its Chern number. Lastly, we find that the superfluid phase exhibits a reentrant structure, separated by a fingering normal phase, the origin of which is traced back to the changes in the single-particle density of states.
We propose an experimental scheme to realize non-Abelian dynamical gauge field for ultracold fermions, which induces a novel pairing mechanism of topological superfluidity. The dynamical gauge fields arise from nontrivial interplay effect between the strong Zeeman splitting and Hubbard interaction in a two-dimensional (2D) optical Raman lattice. The spin-flip transitions are forbidden by the large Zeeman detuning, but are restored when the Zeeman splitting is compensated by Hubbard interaction. This scheme allows to generate a dynamical non-Abelian gauge field that leads to a Dirac type correlated 2D spin-orbit interaction depending on local state configurations. The topological superfluid from a novel pairing driven by 2D dynamical gauge fields is reached, with analytic and numerical results being obtained. Our work may open up a door to emulate non-Abelian dynamical gauge fields and correlated topological phases with experimental feasibility.