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arXiv:1007.4495 · Applied Physics Letters

Quantum entanglement distribution with 810 nm photons through telecom fibers

E. Meyer-Scott, H. Hübel, Alessandro Fedrizzi, C. Erven, Gregor Weihs, T. Jennewein

Published Jul 19, 2010• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate the distribution of polarization entangled photons of wavelength 810 nm through standard telecom fibers. This technique allows quantum communication protocols to be performed over established fiber infrastructure, and makes use of the smaller and better performing setups available around 800 nm, as compared to those which use telecom wavelengths around 1550 nm. We examine the excitation and subsequent quenching of higher-order spatial modes in telecom fibers up to 6 km in length, and perform a distribution of high quality entanglement (visibility 95.6%). Finally, we demonstrate quantum key distribution using entangled 810 nm photons over a 4.4 km long installed telecom fiber link.

DOI
10.1063/1.3460920

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We demonstrate the distribution of polarization entangled photons of wavelength 810 nm through standard telecom fibers. This technique allows quantum communication protocols to be performed over established fiber infrastructure, and makes use of the smaller and better performing setups available around 800 nm, as compared to those which use telecom wavelengths around 1550 nm. We examine the excitation and subsequent quenching of higher-order spatial modes in telecom fibers up to 6 km in length, and perform a distribution of high quality entanglement (visibility 95.6%). Finally, we demonstrate quantum key distribution using entangled 810 nm photons over a 4.4 km long installed telecom fiber link.
We demonstrate the distribution of polarization-entangled photons for the purpose of quantum key distribution (QKD) along active telecom fibers. Entangled photon pairs of 810 nm wavelength generated by a Sagnac interferometer source were coupled into standard telecom single mode fibers. The fibers were either dark or carrying a standardized 1550 nm ethernet signals (1000BASE-ZX) with a nominal speed of 1 GBps from regular media converter devices, without any requirements on the optical power or spectrum transmitted. Our system demonstrates a QKD network covering 6 km in distance with a central service provider for classical and quantum data.
For practical quantum communications, the efficiency of the entire system (source, quantum channel and detectors) must be taken into account. In many urban environments, the quantum channel in the form of telecommunication optical fiber (confirming to ITU G.652D standards) are available, but the detectors in this range typically have low efficiency. We investigate the possibility that for campus-type communications, entangled photons prepared in the Near-Infrared Range (NIR) can be transmitted successfully while preserving polarization entanglement. We demonstrate the distribution of degenerate and non-degenerate entangled photon pairs of wavelength around 810 nm through standard telecommunication fiber. This technique benefits from the high efficiency of the NIR single photon detectors and the mature design of setups around 810 nm.. In this work, we obtain high quality entanglement (visibility is 94.8\% based on the raw data) after an overall distance of 12 km, corresponding to about -36 dB of fiber induced loss.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is on the brink of being deployed on a large scale. For a successful launch it is important though, that QKD devices can be incorporated into or use existing telecom networks. Although not at telecom wavelengths, QKD based on polarization entanglement has already been shown over 1.4 km outside the laboratory. However, it was thought that dispersion effects, mainly polarization mode dispersion (PMD), in optical fibers will limit the use of polarization entanglement for longer distances. We report the distribution of quantum correlations over a record length of 100 km in telecom fibers with such a high quality that it would be possible to extract a secret key without background subtraction.
Entanglement between stationary quantum memories and photonic channels is the essential resource for future quantum networks. Together with entanglement distillation, it will enable efficient distribution of quantum states. We report on the generation and observation of entanglement between a ^{87}Rb atom and a photon at telecom wavelength transmitted through up to 20 km of optical fiber. For this purpose, we use polarization-preserving quantum frequency conversion to transform the wavelength of a photon entangled with the atomic spin state from 780 nm to the telecom S band at 1522 nm. We achieve an unprecedented external device conversion efficiency of 57% and observe an entanglement fidelity between the atom and telecom photon of ≥78.5±0.9% after transmission through 20 km of optical fiber, mainly limited by decoherence of the atomic state. This result is an important milestone on the road to distribute quantum information on a large scale.
Fiber-based distribution of triggered, entangled, single-photon pairs is a key requirement for the future development of terrestrial quantum networks. In this context, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are promising candidates for deterministic sources of on-demand polarization-entangled photon pairs. So far, the best QD polarization-entangled-pair sources emit in the near-infrared wavelength regime, where the transmission distance in deployed fibers is limited. Here, to be compatible with existing fiber network infrastructures, bi-directional polarization-conserving quantum frequency conversion (QFC) is employed to convert the QD emission from 780 nm to telecom wavelengths. We show the preservation of polarization entanglement after QFC (fidelity to Bell state F ϕ + , c o n v =0.972±0.003) of the biexciton transition. As a step toward real-world applicability, high entanglement fidelities ( F ϕ + , l o o p =0.945±0.005) after the propagation of one photon of the entangled pair along a 35.8 km field-installed standard single mode fiber link are reported. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrate a second polarization-conserving QFC step back to 780 nm preserving entanglement ( F ϕ + , b a c k =0.903±0.005). This further prepares the way for interfacing quantum light to various quantum memories.