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arXiv:1006.2460 · Physical Review A

Conservation law for distributed entanglement of formation and quantum discord

F. F. Fanchini, Marcio F. Cornelio, M. C. de Oliveira, A. O. Caldeira

Published Jul 13, 2011• 172 citations
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Abstract

We present a direct relation, based upon a monogamic principle, between entanglement of formation (EOF) and quantum discord (QD), showing how they are distributed in an arbitrary tripartite pure system. By extending it to a paradigmatic situation of a bipartite system coupled to an environment, we demonstrate that the EOF and the QD obey conservation relation. By means of this relation we show that in the deterministic quantum computer with one pure qubit the protocol has the ability to rearrange the EOF and the QD, which implies that quantum computation can be understood on a different basis as a coherent dynamics where quantum correlations are distributed between the qubits of the computer. Furthermore, for a tripartite mixed state we show that the balance between distributed EOF and QD results in a stronger version of the strong subadditivity of entropy.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.84.012313

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We present a direct relation, based upon a monogamic principle, between entanglement of formation (EOF) and quantum discord (QD), showing how they are distributed in an arbitrary tripartite pure system. By extending it to a paradigmatic situation of a bipartite system coupled to an environment, we demonstrate that the EOF and the QD obey conservation relation. By means of this relation we show that in the deterministic quantum computer with one pure qubit the protocol has the ability to rearrange the EOF and the QD, which implies that quantum computation can be understood on a different basis as a coherent dynamics where quantum correlations are distributed between the qubits of the computer. Furthermore, for a tripartite mixed state we show that the balance between distributed EOF and QD results in a stronger version of the strong subadditivity of entropy.
In this paper, we present a measure of quantum correlation for a multipartite system, defined as the sum of the correlations for all possible partitions. Our measure can be defined for quantum discord (QD), geometric quantum discord or even for entanglement of formation (EOF). For tripartite pure states, we show that the multipartite measures for the QD and the EOF are equivalent, which allows direct comparison of the distribution and the robustness of these correlations in open quantum systems. We study dissipative dynamics for two distinct families of entanglement: a W state and a GHZ state. We show that, for the W state, the QD is more robust than the entanglement, while for the GHZ state, this is not true. It turns out that the initial genuine multipartite entanglement present in the GHZ state makes the EOF more robust than the QD.
The distribution of quantum correlations in multipartite systems plays a significant role in several aspects of quantum information theory. While it is well known that these quantum correlations cannot be freely distributed, the way that they are shared in a multipartite system is an open problem even for a small set of qubits. Based on monogamylike relations between entanglement and discord for nnn-partite systems, we show how these correlations are distributed in general, determining distinct equalities and inequalities to the quantum discord and the entanglement of formation for arbitrary multipartite pure states.
We study the entanglement of formation and the quantum discord contained in even and odd multipartite [Formula: see text]-spin coherent states. The key element of this investigation is the fact that a single [Formula: see text]-spin coherent state is viewed as comprising [Formula: see text] qubit states. We compute the quantum correlations present in the n even and odd [Formula: see text]-spin coherent states by considering all possible bipartite splits of the multipartite system. We discuss the different bi-partition schemes of quantum systems and we examine in detail the conservation rules governing the distribution of quantum correlations between the different qubits of the multipartite system. Finally, we derive the explicit expressions of quantum correlations present in even and odd spin coherent states decomposed in four spin sub-systems. We also analyze the properties of monogamy and we show in particular that the entanglement of the formation and the quantum discord obey the relation of monogamy only for even multipartite [Formula: see text]-spin coherent states.
Quantum discord (QD) measures the fraction of the pairwise mutual information that is locally inaccessible in a multipartite system. Fundamental aspects related to two important measures in quantum information theory, namely the entanglement of formation (EOF) and the conditional entropy, can be understood in terms of the distribution of this form of local inaccessible information (LII). As such, the EOF for an arbitrarily mixed bipartite system AB can be related to the gain or loss of LII due to the extra knowledge that a purifying ancillary system E has on the pair AB . Similarly, a clear meaning of the negativity of the conditional entropy for AB is given. We employ these relations to elucidate important and yet not well-understood quantum features, such as the bipartite entanglement sudden death and the distinction between EOF and QD for quantifying quantum correlation. For that we introduce the concept of LII flow that quantifies the LII shared in a multipartite system when sequential local measurements are carried out.
Quantum correlations play vital roles in the quantum features in quantum information processing tasks. Among the measures of quantum correlations, quantum discord (QD) and entanglement of formation (EOF) are two significant ones. Recent research has shown that there exists a relation between QD and EOF, which makes QD more significant in quantum information theory. However, until now, there exists no general method of characterizing quantum discord in high-dimensional quantum systems. In this paper, we have proposed a general method for calculating quantum discord in arbitrary-dimensional bipartite quantum systems in terms of Hurwitz's theory. Applications including the Werner state, the spin-1 XXZ model thermal equilibrium state, the Horodecki state, and the separable-bound-free entanglement state are investigated. We present the method of obtaining the EOF of arbitrary-dimensional bipartite quantum states via purification, and the relationship between QD and EOF.
We consider a monogamy inequality of quantum discord in a pure tripartite state and show that it is equivalent to an inequality between quantum mutual information and entanglement of formation of two parties. Since this inequality does not hold for arbitrary bipartite states, quantum discord can generally be both monogamous and polygamous. We also carry out numerical calculations for some special states. The upper bounds of quantum discord and classical correlation are also discussed and we give physical analysis on the invalidness of a previous conjectured upper bound of quantum correlation. Our results provide new insights for further understanding of distributions of quantum correlations.