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arXiv:1005.2098 · Optics Letters

Continuous-wave spontaneous lasing in mercury pumped by resonant two-photon absorption

Daniel Kolbe, Martin Scheid, Andreas Koglbauer, J. Walz

Published Aug 6, 2010• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We demonstrate the first cw two-photon absorption laser-induced stimulated emission. The 7(1)S(0)-6(1)P(1) transition in mercury at a 1014 nm wavelength is used, and selective lasing of different isotopes is observed.
DOI
10.1364/ol.35.002690

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Stimulated emission on the ultraviolet and blue transitions in Cs has been achieved by pumping via two-photon absorption and four-wave mixing for the pump transition 62S12→82D32,52. The emission performance of the optically pumped cesium vapor laser operating in ultraviolet and blue has been extended to 650 nJ/pulse for 387 nm, 1 to 3 μJ/pulse for 388 nm, 200 nJ/pulse for 455 nm, and 500 nJ/pulse for 459 nm. Emission performance improves dramatically as the cesium vapor density is increased, and no scaling limitations associated with energy pooling or ionization kinetics have been observed.
Population inversion on the 7S1/2− 6P3/2transition of cesium atoms is built by 455 nm diode laser pumping, and continuous-wave (cw) lasing is observed without the feedback on the gain medium from cavity mirrors. The stimulated emission at 1.47 µm infrared wavelength is restricted to a narrow angle along the direction of propagation of the pumping laser. Evidence of threshold-like characteristic is demonstrated in the cw mirrorless lasing dependence on pumping laser detuning, atomic density, and pumping light intensity. This compact structure can be used to generate mirrorless laser in a number of infrared wavelengths applied for the communication area. Moreover, it is expected to realize the narrow-linewidth optical frequency standard from an ultralow-finesse optical cavity.
The method of doubled pulses was used to achieve pulsed lasing due to the 5 d 10 6 p 2 P 3/2 —5 d 9 6 s 2 2 D 5/2 transition in the mercury ion (λ = 398 nm), similar to efficient lasing transitions in copper and gold atoms. Discharge tubes with inner diameters 4 and 8 mm and 30 cm long were used. They were filled with neon or helium as the buffer gases. There was a significant difference between lasing in the narrow and wide tubes. In the wide tube it was possible to observe lasing only when the delay between the pulses was short; the beam was not ring-shaped, contrary to what was found earlier for the narrow tube. Lasing was observed even when the delay between the two pulses was less than 5 μs, but lasing disappeared when heating of the tube became stronger as the pulse repetition frequency was increased. Possible population and inversion mechanisms were analysed.
A detailed model of two-photon-resonant four-wave mixing that includes the consideration of efficiency-limiting processes is presented. The model provides a generally applicable systematic approach for maximizing conversion efficiencies for both exact and near two-photon resonance. For exact two-photon resonance, an interference effect limits efficiency to a value determined by ratios of nonlinear susceptibilities and input intensities. For near two-photon resonance, nonlinear refractive indices limit efficiencies unless input intensities are properly balanced. For the specific case of 130.2-nm generation in Hg, we examine a number of potential additional efficiency-limiting processes, including amplified spontaneous emission, stimulated Raman and hyper-Raman gain, parametric gain, linear absorption, and population transfer. We include isotopic effects and Gaussian-profile beams. From our analysis, we conclude that efficiencies of approximately 10% should be feasible by using collimated light beams in an energy-scalable system.