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arXiv:1001.2594 · Physical Review B

Scale-free property and edge state of Wilson’s numerical renormalization group

Kouichi Okunishi, Tomotoshi Nishino

Published Oct 5, 2010• 17 citations
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Abstract

We discuss the scale-free property of Wilson's numerical renormalization group (NRG) for the Kondo-impurity problem. The single-particle state of the effective Hamiltonian with a cutoff $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ is described by the wave-packet basis having the scale-free property. The energy scale of the system can be controlled by the lattice translation of the wave-packet basis with no reference of rescaling of the lattice space. We also analyze the role of the Kondo interaction in the context of wave-packet basis and then discuss the scaling and renormalization of the Kondo coupling. In addition, we clarify the role of the edge state in the lowest energy scale of Wilson NRG.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.82.144409

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We discuss the scale-free property of Wilson's numerical renormalization group (NRG) for the Kondo-impurity problem. The single-particle state of the effective Hamiltonian with a cutoff \ensuremathΛ\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremathΛ is described by the wave-packet basis having the scale-free property. The energy scale of the system can be controlled by the lattice translation of the wave-packet basis with no reference of rescaling of the lattice space. We also analyze the role of the Kondo interaction in the context of wave-packet basis and then discuss the scaling and renormalization of the Kondo coupling. In addition, we clarify the role of the edge state in the lowest energy scale of Wilson NRG.
We discuss the relation between the Wilson's numerical renormalization group(NRG) for the Kondo impurity problem and a field theory in the background AdS_3 space time, where the radial coordinate plays a role of the controlling parameter of the effective mass scale. We find that the Wilson NRG can be described by the boundary Rindler field and then the cutoff parameter λof the Wilson NRG is related to the AdS radius L through λ= 2k_F/ωL, where k_F is the effective Fermi wave number. It is also found that the Rindler space is discretized with the lattice space of a=π/k_F.
In the early 1970s, Wilson developed the concept of a fully nonperturbative renormalization group transformation. When applied to the Kondo problem, this numerical renormalization group (NRG) method gave for the first time the full crossover from the high-temperature phase of a free spin to the low-temperature phase of a completely screened spin. The NRG method was later generalized to a variety of quantum impurity problems. The purpose of this review is to give a brief introduction to the NRG method, including some guidelines for calculating physical quantities, and to survey the development of the NRG method and its various applications over the last 30 years. These applications include variants of the original Kondo problem such as the non-Fermi-liquid behavior in the two-channel Kondo model, dissipative quantum systems such as the spin-boson model, and lattice systems in the framework of the dynamical mean-field theory.
The Anderson Impurity Model is a generic model to describe systems in which one or more energy levels are coupled to an electronic host. On the energy levels the electrons are subject to a Coulomb interaction. Possible applications of this model are magnetic atoms in a metal or quantum dot systems. Already for one impurity it displays very interesting physics including the well known Kondo effect. For two and more impurities the properties of the system in the local moment regime are determined by an interplay of the Kondo effect and the coupling between the impurity spins. Due to the interplay of multiple energy scales, this model poses a serious task for any computational tool. For a single impurity the model can be very efficiently treated using Wilson"s numerical renormalization group (NRG). Since the numerical effort of NRG calculations rises exponentially with the number of impurities, generically it cannot be applied to systems with more than two impurities. The functional renormalization group (fRG) has been very successfully applied to quantum impurity problems in the past. In this work it will be used to calculate the single-particle dynamics for Anderson-like quantum impurity systems in equilibrium. A comparison to NRG in the case of a single impurity will serve as a benchmark before systems with two impurities and quantum dot systems with two and three dots will be studied. The interplay between the Kondo effect and magnetic and orbital ordering will be investigated in these systems. Although the truncation in the presented fRG scheme is motivated by second order perturbation theory, it will be shown that fRG works also in those cases where perturbation theory fails. Generally it will turn out that fRG is capable of treating a broad variety of Anderson impurity systems within the same framework, including asymmetric impurity levels and interaction between multiple impurities.
Numerical renormalization group (NRG) is formulated for nonequilibrium steady-state by converting finite-lattice many-body eigenstates into scattering states. Extension of the full-density-matrix NRG for a biased Anderson impurity model, simplified by formulating with the original orbital basis as the Hamiltonian, enables detailed studies of the sub-Kondo spectral evolution in the zero-temperature limit, confirming the double-resonance structure at bias of the Kondo energy scale TKT_KTK​. The distribution shows distinct multi-scale spectral features at energy ωωω below the Kondo scale (ω≲TKω\lesssim T_Kω≲TK​) and near the bias (ω≳Vω\gtrsim Vω≳V), leading to the nonequilibrium temperature TlocT_{\rm loc}Tloc​ local to the Kondo dot scaling as kBTloc≈Vk_BT_{\rm loc}\approx VkB​Tloc​≈V for V≫TKV\gg T_KV≫TK​. The current-voltage relation in the low-temperature limit (T≪TKT\ll T_KT≪TK​) deviates from the unitary limit as the bias exceeds the Kondo scale (V/2≳TKV/2\gtrsim T_KV/2≳TK​) and reaches the current saturation regime.
We present a unified framework for renormalization group methods, including Wilson's numerical renormalization group (NRG), and White's density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG), within the language of matrix-product-states. This allows improvements over Wilson's NRG for quantum impurity models, as we illustrate for the one-channel Kondo model. Moreover, we use a variational method for evaluating Green's functions. The proposed method is more flexible in its description of spectral properties at finite frequencies, opening the way to time-dependent, out-of-equilibrium impurity problems. It also substantially improves computational efficiency for one-channel impurity problems, suggesting potentially linear scaling of complexity for nnn-channel problems.