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arXiv:0912.3588 · Physical Review Letters

Quantum Pumping with Ultracold Atoms on Microchips: Fermions versus Bosons

Kunal K. Das, S. Aubin

Published Sep 18, 2009• 25 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We present a design for simulating quantum pumping of electrons in a mesoscopic circuit with ultracold atoms in a micromagnetic chip trap. We calculate theoretical results for quantum pumping of both bosons and fermions, identifying differences and common features, including geometric behavior and resonance transmission. We analyze the feasibility of experiments with bosonic ;{87}Rb and fermionic ;{40}K atoms with an emphasis on reliable atomic current measurements.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.103.123007

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We present a design for simulating quantum pumping of electrons in a mesoscopic circuit with ultracold atoms in a micromagnetic chip trap. We calculate theoretical results for quantum pumping of both bosons and fermions, identifying differences and common features, including geometric behavior and resonance transmission. We analyze the feasibility of experiments with bosonic ;{87}Rb and fermionic ;{40}K atoms with an emphasis on reliable atomic current measurements.
Quantum pumping is a method of transporting particles through a circuit without an external applied voltage or chemical potential, but instead with localized time-varying potentials.Ballistic quantum pumping has been theorized in mesoscopic solid state sys tems, but experimental verifications have been challenging due to the capacitive coupling and rectification inherent to electronic systems.Using ultracold neutral atoms to test and verify the theoretical predictions of quantum pumping reduces these challenges while providing the advantages of easy confinement and manipulation, a high degree of coher ence, and bosons as well as fermions.In addition, ultracold atoms allow smooth tunability between classical thermal gases and quantum gases.Here, we design, build, characterize, and optimize a dual-species experimental apparatus capable of quantum pumping exper iments with Bose-Einstein condensates on an atom chip.We produce quasi-pure 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates of ~ 104 atoms and successfully laser-cool 39K.We lay the experimental groundwork for quantum pumping experiments with ultracold atoms and characterize the classical dynamics of the system.These classical dynamics are supported with theoretical modeling that we have developed to compare the dramatic differences between the classical and quantum results of a double barrier turnstile pump as well as its single barrier building blocks.
In order to take quantum mechanical systems out of the lab and produce practical devices, a method of miniaturizing and integrating apparatus components is needed. In the context of ultracold atomic gas experiments, the ideal method of achieving this miniaturization is the implementation of atom chip technology. By depositing micro-scale current carrying wires onto planar substrates, it is possible to create a magnetic trap capable of confining a cloud of neutral atoms in sufficient proximity to the chip surface for solid state devices to interact with the cloud. This thesis presents our lab’s first steps towards creating an atom chip capable of confining a cloud of rubidium-87. The chip prototypes were developed with the intent to incorporate them into the hybrid system apparatus within our lab. The chips are intended to serve as a platform for facilitating the interaction between the atomic gas ensemble and mesoscopic solid-state devices, allowing for the hybridization of the two systems. In this work I describe the design of the trapping wire configuration and the fabrication of the first two generations of chip prototypes. Additionally, I provide numerical simulations of the produced magnetic field, from which estimates of the trap frequency and depth can be calculated. Finally, I introduce some basic characterization tests of the absolute current limitations and resistive behavior of the chip wires, and the dimensional uniformity of the fabricated wire profiles.
Trapping and manipulating ultracold atoms and degenerate quantum gases in magnetic micropotentials is reviewed. Starting with a comprehensive description of the basic concepts and fabrication techniques of microtraps together with early pioneering experiments, emphasis is placed on current experiments on degenerate quantum gases. This includes the loading of quantum gases in microtraps, coherent manipulation, and transport of condensates together with recently reported experiments on matter-wave interferometry on a chip. Theoretical approaches for describing atoms in waveguides and beam splitters are briefly summarized, and, finally, the interaction between atoms and the surface of microtraps is covered in some detail.
Ultracold atoms in light-shaped potentials open up new ways to explore mesoscopic physics: Arbitrary trapping potentials can be engineered with only a change of the laser field. Here, we propose using ultracold atoms in light-shaped potentials to feasibly realize a cold-atom device to study one of the fundamental problems of mesoscopic physics, the Aharonov-Bohm effect: the interaction of particles with a magnetic field when traveling in a closed loop. Surprisingly, we find that the Aharonov-Bohm effect is washed out for interacting bosons, while it is present for fermions. We show that our atomic device has possible applications as a quantum simulator, Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and for tests of quantum foundation.
We explore the feasibility of single atom detection on an atom chip by using a tiny fluorescence detector mounted on the chip. Resonant fluorescence from a trapped ultracold atom will be collected with a miniature aspheric lens and taken out of a vacuum chamber through a fiber. During detection, the atom can be held at the focus of the detector with a dipole trapping beam introduced through the same fiber. We have experimentally determined the optical performance of such a detector, taking into account effects such as stray light from the dipole trapping beam and chromatic aberration. The collection efficiency for isotropically emitted radiation is experimentally obtained to be 2.5%. From this, it is estimated that the fluorescence emitted from a single Rb atom will produce a photon count rate of 4.7x10(4) Hz, which is much larger than the shot noise limited background fluctuations.
Atomtronics deals with matter-wave circuits of ultracold atoms manipulated through magnetic or laser-generated guides with different shapes and intensities. In this way, new types of quantum networks can be constructed in which coherent fluids are controlled with the know-how developed in the atomic and molecular physics community. In particular, quantum devices with enhanced precision, control, and flexibility of their operating conditions can be accessed. Concomitantly, new quantum simulators and emulators harnessing on the coherent current flows can also be developed. Here, the authors survey the landscape of atomtronics-enabled quantum technology and draw a roadmap for the field in the near future. The authors review some of the latest progress achieved in matter-wave circuits' design and atom-chips. Atomtronic networks are deployed as promising platforms for probing many-body physics with a new angle and a new twist. The latter can be done at the level of both equilibrium and nonequilibrium situations. Numerous relevant problems in mesoscopic physics, such as persistent currents and quantum transport in circuits of fermionic or bosonic atoms, are studied through a new lens. The authors summarize some of the atomtronics quantum devices and sensors. Finally, the authors discuss alkali-earth and Rydberg atoms as potential platforms for the realization of atomtronic circuits with special features.