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arXiv:0912.1958

Quantum, Photo-Electric Single Capacitor Paradox

D. Kapor, Vladan Panković

Published Dec 10, 2009• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this work single capacitor paradox (a variation of the remarkable two capacitor paradox) is considered in a new, quantum discrete form. Simply speaking we consider well-known usual, photoelectric effect experimental device, i.e. photo electric cell, where cathode and anode are equivalently charged but non-connected. It, obviously, represents a capacitor that initially, i.e. before action of the photons with individual energy equivalent to work function, holds corresponding energy of the electrical fields between cathode and anode. Further, we direct quantum discretely photons, one by one, toward cathode where according to photo-electrical effect electrons discretely, one by one, will be emitted and directed toward anode. It causes discrete discharge of the cell, i.e. capacitor and discrete decrease of the electrical field. Finally, total discharge of the cell, i.e. capacitor, and total disappearance of the electrical field and its energy will occur. Given, seemingly paradoxical, capacitor total energy loss can be simply explained without any dissipative effects (Joule heating or electromagnetic waves emission can be neglected as high order small corrections) by work done by the electrical field by movement of the electrons from cathode to anode. (Remarkable two capacitors paradox can be, obviously, formulated and explained in the completely analogous way.)

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0912.1958

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In this work single capacitor paradox (a variation of the remarkable two capacitor paradox) is considered in a new, quantum discrete form. Simply speaking we consider well-known usual, photoelectric effect experimental device, i.e. photo electric cell, where cathode and anode are equivalently charged but non-connected. It, obviously, represents a capacitor that initially, i.e. before action of the photons with individual energy equivalent to work function, holds corresponding energy of the electrical fields between cathode and anode. Further, we direct quantum discretely photons, one by one, toward cathode where according to photo-electrical effect electrons discretely, one by one, will be emitted and directed toward anode. It causes discrete discharge of the cell, i.e. capacitor and discrete decrease of the electrical field. Finally, total discharge of the cell, i.e. capacitor, and total disappearance of the electrical field and its energy will occur. Given, seemingly paradoxical, capacitor total energy loss can be simply explained without any dissipative effects (Joule heating or electromagnetic waves emission can be neglected as high order small corrections) by work done by the electrical field by movement of the electrons from cathode to anode. (Remarkable two capacitors paradox can be, obviously, formulated and explained in the completely analogous way.)
Abstract We performed measurements of laser beam power polarized in different angles as 0 ∘^\circ ∘ ∘ , 45 ∘^\circ ∘ ∘ and 90 ∘^\circ ∘ ∘ passing close to a symmetric shielded capacitor with parallel plates and through a polaroid filter configured with angles as 0 ∘^\circ ∘ ∘ , 45 ∘^\circ ∘ ∘ and 90 ∘^\circ ∘ ∘ . An unusual light power variation was detected during the charging and discharging of the high voltage capacitor even considering the suppression of known electromagnetic interaction between laser beam and capacitor. The light power variation curves also indicated a typical pattern of charge and discharge of capacitors. The combination of the angles of the laser beam polarization and polaroid filter surprisingly indicated the measurement of correlations between the polarizations of photons and electric dipoles of the capacitor dielectric. These novel results can only be explained supposing the preexisting condition of quantum entanglements between discrete observables of electric dipoles and photons.
According to an entropy approach and by reviewing the similarity between laws characterizing the flow of heat and electric charges, electric charges were defined as electromagnetic waves that possess an electrical potential or simply as ionized photons. Accordingly, the flow of electrons was defined as a simultaneous flow of particulate energy and wave energy. Such definitions led to clear the confusions of duality properties of electrons and light waves, conflicts in the SI system of units and to explain the difference between the calculated drift speed of electrons and the speed of electricity or charges in conductors. However, Einstein considered the electron to be a negative charge of unknown nature during his analysis of the photoelectric effect. Einstein presented his hypothesis that light may behave as a particle to find a plausible explanation of the photoelectric effect. He found the measured cutoff frequency of light below which light might not eject electrons from metal-surfaces in photocells regardless of how much light is shone on the surface as a proof of truth of his hypothesis. Such frequency may be explained also, according to the previously introduced definitions, as the minimum energy quanta that may gain a quantized potential in photocells. This explanation may find plausible explanations of the found measurements of the photoelectric effects for different metal surfaces, stopping voltages into photocells and the photoelectric effect of X-rays. Einstein’s hypothesis of the photoelectric effect failed to find plausible explanations of such measurement results. According to the principles of conservation of momentum, there is a minimum quantity of photons that may lead to bouncing an atomic electron out of its orbit. So, considering Einstein’s theory as a perfect hypothesis that explains the photoelectric effect may be a misconception.
Description “Discrete detection does not imply discrete existence.” For over a century, the photoelectric effect has been cited as the decisive experimental result that forced physics to abandon wave-only models of light and accept wave–particle duality. Einstein’s 1905 interpretation argued that because electrons are ejected instantaneously and in discrete events, light itself must consist of discrete particles. This paper shows that this conclusion is not logically required. We present a reinterpretation of the photoelectric effect based on the Total Wave Modified Schrödinger Equation (TWMSE), a deterministic wave-interference framework with threshold-based collapse. Within this model, the observed discreteness arises from the detection process, not from the ontology of light itself. Key Findings The “Photon” Is an Event, Not an ObjectThe photon is shown to be a retrospective label applied to a discrete wave-collapse event. The event is discrete; the source field (light) remains continuous and wave-like. Threshold-Based Collapse Explains EmissionElectron emission occurs when the curvature density of the interfering electromagnetic wave field exceeds a material-specific stability threshold. Below this threshold, no emission occurs regardless of intensity. Resolution of Classical ParadoxesThe model reproduces all defining features of the photoelectric effect—instantaneous emission, threshold frequency, and the linear dependence of electron kinetic energy on frequency—without invoking particle ontology. Mathematical Equivalence Without Particle AssumptionsA direct mapping is provided showing that the TWMSE collapse formulation reproduces Einstein’s photoelectric equation purely through wave curvature dynamics. Why This Matters By resolving the photoelectric effect entirely within a deterministic wave framework, this work removes the primary historical justification for wave–particle duality. It clarifies that discrete experimental outcomes do not require discrete underlying entities and supports a unified field interpretation of quantum measurement consistent with prior TWMSE results in electromagnetism, gravity, and macroscopic systems. Included in This Upload Full theoretical and mathematical derivation Conceptual comparison: Einstein’s particle interpretation vs. TWMSE wave-collapse interpretation Mapping table between classical photoelectric variables and TWMSE collapse parameters
Einstein explained the experimental characteristics of the photo-electric effect by the concept that the photon is a localized packet of electromagnetic radiation with the mechanism: photon + atom → emitted electron. A classical plane wave theory of light concluding that the photoelectric effect can be explained without localized photons is reexamined and found to have been flawed in predicting no time delay for photoelectron emission; this accords with Millikan's conclusion (based upon energy conservation) that a classical plane wave would entail a delay prior to emission of the order of hours. The quantification of Einstein's localized packet concept as a solitary wave one wavelength in length (one period long in time) predicts a delay of one period of the photon's oscillating field, which accords with the experimentally measured response time being a few femtoseconds.
The photoelectric effect, the Compton effects, and now anticorrelation experiments have been claimed to prove that light consists of particles flying through a void. However the particle model is decisively falsified by the known wave qualities of electromagnetic radiation. Quantum Electrodynamics also uses spreading wave amplitudes; not flying particles. The evidence indicates that light is a wave and electrons are electromagnetic wave-structures that absorb and emit light in discrete wave-packets. These wave-quanta are emitted directionally and then spread in space in proportion to their wavelength. Their waves superposition with all other waves in space. In low intensity experiments, the waves that an electron in a photodetector absorbs come from the superpositioning of the source wave-quanta and background radiation. The importance of background radiation is evidenced by "dark counts". Treating electrons and the quanta they absorb and emit as particles when they are composed of waves is the source of all the paradoxes, unreality and confusion in Quantum Mechanics. The word "photon" should be replaced by "quantum" in the description of this particular electronic process. The conceptual model presented here explains the known phenomena without producing paradoxes and unifies quantum and classical electromagnetics.
In the prior work on this topic orbiting electrons in steady state are viewed as doublets which are laid out in strings in such a way that they do not radiate, even though they would if they existed alone.In this second paper a detailed description of the radiation process is given, as well as an analysis of the properties of the emitted photons.These are shown to be single electric field corpuscles which therefore have no frequency.The theory leads to an equation for the photoelectric effect which is a modification of the Einstein/Planck law.Though the modification can and does happen, it is conjectured this is generally not the case.The theory also leads to a resolution of the wave-particle paradox and a proof of the law of radii.A byproduct of the study is that quantum theory and entanglement are shown to be invalid, as well as Einstein's view that his law also applies to Maxwell radiation.