In the prior work on this topic orbiting electrons in steady state are viewed as doublets which are laid out in strings in such a way that they do not radiate, even though they would if they existed alone.In this second paper a detailed description of the radiation process is given, as well as an analysis of the properties of the emitted photons.These are shown to be single electric field corpuscles which therefore have no frequency.The theory leads to an equation for the photoelectric effect which is a modification of the Einstein/Planck law.Though the modification can and does happen, it is conjectured this is generally not the case.The theory also leads to a resolution of the wave-particle paradox and a proof of the law of radii.A byproduct of the study is that quantum theory and entanglement are shown to be invalid, as well as Einstein's view that his law also applies to Maxwell radiation.
In the prior work on this topic orbiting electrons in steady state are viewed as doublets which are laid out in strings in such a way that they do not radiate, even though they would if they existed alone.In this second paper a detailed description of the radiation process is given, as well as an analysis of the properties of the emitted photons.These are shown to be single electric field corpuscles which therefore have no frequency.The theory leads to an equation for the photoelectric effect which is a modification of the Einstein/Planck law.Though the modification can and does happen, it is conjectured this is generally not the case.The theory also leads to a resolution of the wave-particle paradox and a proof of the law of radii.A byproduct of the study is that quantum theory and entanglement are shown to be invalid, as well as Einstein's view that his law also applies to Maxwell radiation.
The photoelectric effect, the Compton effects, and now anticorrelation experiments have been claimed to prove that light consists of particles flying through a void. However the particle model is decisively falsified by the known wave qualities of electromagnetic radiation. Quantum Electrodynamics also uses spreading wave amplitudes; not flying particles. The evidence indicates that light is a wave and electrons are electromagnetic wave-structures that absorb and emit light in discrete wave-packets. These wave-quanta are emitted directionally and then spread in space in proportion to their wavelength. Their waves superposition with all other waves in space. In low intensity experiments, the waves that an electron in a photodetector absorbs come from the superpositioning of the source wave-quanta and background radiation. The importance of background radiation is evidenced by "dark counts". Treating electrons and the quanta they absorb and emit as particles when they are composed of waves is the source of all the paradoxes, unreality and confusion in Quantum Mechanics. The word "photon" should be replaced by "quantum" in the description of this particular electronic process. The conceptual model presented here explains the known phenomena without producing paradoxes and unifies quantum and classical electromagnetics.
Evidence Supposedly Corroborating EinsteinConcerning experimental evidence supposedly corroborating Einstein's theory, the problem is that all the lab results which have demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation have been based on AR emissions rather than MR emissions.This includes, for example, all the black body studies (e.g., Planck[9]), all the photoelectric experiments (e.g., Millikan[7,8]), all the photon scattering tests (e.g., Compton[5]), and all the Young two-slit anomaly studies which show photon arrivals when the arrival rates are low.The reason for using AR in these tests is that they all either require high energies or low wave-lengths or low arrival rates.MR does not meet any of these requirements, and it therefore has not been used in these experiments.For example,
According to an entropy approach and by reviewing the similarity between laws characterizing the flow of heat and electric charges, electric charges were defined as electromagnetic waves that possess an electrical potential or simply as ionized photons. Accordingly, the flow of electrons was defined as a simultaneous flow of particulate energy and wave energy. Such definitions led to clear the confusions of duality properties of electrons and light waves, conflicts in the SI system of units and to explain the difference between the calculated drift speed of electrons and the speed of electricity or charges in conductors. However, Einstein considered the electron to be a negative charge of unknown nature during his analysis of the photoelectric effect. Einstein presented his hypothesis that light may behave as a particle to find a plausible explanation of the photoelectric effect. He found the measured cutoff frequency of light below which light might not eject electrons from metal-surfaces in photocells regardless of how much light is shone on the surface as a proof of truth of his hypothesis. Such frequency may be explained also, according to the previously introduced definitions, as the minimum energy quanta that may gain a quantized potential in photocells. This explanation may find plausible explanations of the found measurements of the photoelectric effects for different metal surfaces, stopping voltages into photocells and the photoelectric effect of X-rays. Einstein’s hypothesis of the photoelectric effect failed to find plausible explanations of such measurement results. According to the principles of conservation of momentum, there is a minimum quantity of photons that may lead to bouncing an atomic electron out of its orbit. So, considering Einstein’s theory as a perfect hypothesis that explains the photoelectric effect may be a misconception.
This chapter comprises Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect, his analysis of the transition of electrons in atoms, his study of the behavior of bosons (named after their discoverer, Satyendra Bose), and his opposition to the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics. For the photoelectric effect, Einstein showed that light could behave as a particle, not only as a wave. Using this “photon” model, he explained how atoms absorbed and emitted light. He also predicted that a photon could stimulate the emission of many more, through (decades later) light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. He studied bosons, particles that, unlike fermions (named after Enrico Fermi), such as electrons in atoms, had no “Exclusion Principle”: any number of them could “condense” into a single state. Finally, he opposed Bohr's “Copenhagen interpretation,” that a system such as an electron has a range of values for its properties such as spin, until a measurement is made, forcing it to choose one. Einstein argued for a “hidden variable theory” in which there was something deeper than quantum mechanics: that a system was in a specific state before a measurement. (He was wrong.)
Einstein explained the experimental characteristics of the photo-electric effect by the concept that the photon is a localized packet of electromagnetic radiation with the mechanism: photon + atom → emitted electron. A classical plane wave theory of light concluding that the photoelectric effect can be explained without localized photons is reexamined and found to have been flawed in predicting no time delay for photoelectron emission; this accords with Millikan's conclusion (based upon energy conservation) that a classical plane wave would entail a delay prior to emission of the order of hours. The quantification of Einstein's localized packet concept as a solitary wave one wavelength in length (one period long in time) predicts a delay of one period of the photon's oscillating field, which accords with the experimentally measured response time being a few femtoseconds.
Light occupies a special position in our attempts to understand nature both classically and quantum mechanically. We recall that Newton, who made so many fundamental contributions to optics, championed a particle description of light and was not favorably disposed to the wave picture of light. However, the beautiful unification of electricity and magnetism achieved by Maxwell clearly showed that light was properly understood as the wave-like undulations of electric and magnetic fields propagating through space. The central role of light in marking the frontiers of physics continues on into the twentieth century with the ultraviolet catastrophe associated with black-body radiation on the one hand and the photoelectric effect on the other. Indeed, it was here that the era of quantum mechanics was initiated with Planck's introduction of the quantum of action that was necessary to explain the black-body radiation spectrum. The extension of these ideas led Einstein to explain the photoelectric effect, and to introduce the photon concept. It was, however, left to Dirac to combine the wave-and particlelike aspects of light so that the radiation field is capable of explaining all interference phenomena and yet shows the excitation of a specific atom located along a wave front absorbing one photon of energy. In this chapter, following Dirac, we associate each mode of the radiation field with a quantized simple harmonic oscillator, this is the essence of the quantum theory of radiation.