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arXiv:0905.3125 · Physical Review A

Orientation of Nd3+ dipoles in yttrium aluminum garnet: Experiment and model

Sylvain Schwartz, Gilles A. Feugnet, Maxence Rebut, Fabien Bretenaker, Jean-Paul Pocholle

Published Jun 9, 2009• 13 citations
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Abstract

We report an experimental study of the $1.064\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$ transition dipoles in neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) by measuring the coupling constant between two orthogonal modes of a laser cavity for different cuts of the YAG gain crystal. We propose a theoretical model in which the transition dipoles, slightly elliptic, are oriented along the crystallographic axes. Our experimental measurements show a very good quantitative agreement with this model and predict a dipole ellipticity between 2% and 3%. This work provides an experimental evidence for the simple description in which transition dipoles and crystallographic axes are collinear in Nd:YAG (with an accuracy better than $1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$), a point that has been discussed for years.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.79.063814

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Optics and Spectroscopy•Jun 1, 2009•9 citations
We report an experimental study of the 1.064 \ensuremathμm1.064\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}1.064 \ensuremathμm transition dipoles in neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) by measuring the coupling constant between two orthogonal modes of a laser cavity for different cuts of the YAG gain crystal. We propose a theoretical model in which the transition dipoles, slightly elliptic, are oriented along the crystallographic axes. Our experimental measurements show a very good quantitative agreement with this model and predict a dipole ellipticity between 2% and 3%. This work provides an experimental evidence for the simple description in which transition dipoles and crystallographic axes are collinear in Nd:YAG (with an accuracy better than 1\ifmmode∘\else\textdegree\fi1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}1\ifmmode∘\else\textdegree\fi), a point that has been discussed for years.
We report an experimental study of the 1.064 ¹m transition dipoles in neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG) by measuring the coupling constant between two orthogonal modes of a laser cavity for different cuts of the YAG gain crystal. We propose a theoretical model in which the transition dipoles, slightly elliptic, are oriented along the crystallographic axes. Our experimental measurements show a very good quantitative agreement with this model, and predict a dipole ellipticity between 2% and 3%. This work provides an experimental evidence for the simple description in which transition dipoles and crystallographic axes are collinear in Nd-YAG (with an accuracy better than 1 deg), a point that has been discussed for years.
The response of a Nd3+{\text{Nd}}^{3+}Nd3+-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser is examined experimentally when the pump polarization direction is abruptly changed from one to the other stress-induced principal axis of the cavity. As a result, the laser output polarization changes direction but only after a significant delay. We numerically solve rate equations that describe the evolution of the two polarization fields coupled to the population inversion. The simulations indicate that the polarization switching (PS) delay depends on two successive processes that we analyze using multi-time-scale techniques. The analysis predicts two qualitatively different PS responses depending on how close the laser is from its threshold. Finally, we compare quantitatively the experimental and theoretical estimates of the PS delay.
We experimentally and theoretically investigate the coherent response of Tm3+{\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}Tm3+ ions in yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG). Working on the 3H6(1)3H4(1){}^{3}{H}_{6}{(1)}^{3}{H}_{4}(1)3H6​(1)3H4​(1) transition we observe optical nutation signals that exhibit multiple distinct Fourier components having polarization-dependent frequencies and weights. This phenomenon is caused by the presence of six different transition-dipole moment orientations of Tm3+{\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}Tm3+ ions in YAG and a resultant dependence of ion-field coupling on field-propagation direction and polarization. Experimental data shown are in excellent agreement with simulation results based on numerical integration of the Maxwell-Bloch equations.
Coherent dynamic property of neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) crystal at 77 K is studied via the conventional absorption, the femtosecond fringe-resolved wave packet interferometry, and the related difference-phase spectrum. The recorded interferogram exhibits beatings in subpicosecond time scale arising from the interferences among various weakly split 4f-electronic states and the coupled vibronic optical phonon sidebands. The electron–phonon coupling in Nd:YAG can be well described by multiple Brownian oscillators model involving in each individual electronic transition. The parameters for characterizing material coherence and relaxation are determined via the theoretical modelings of both the frequency and the time-domain experimental signals.
This paper reports measurements of the room-temperature laser transition cross section of Nd+3{\mathrm{Nd}}^{+3}Nd+3 in yttrium aluminum garnet at 1.06 \ensuremath{\mu}. One method used is based on the measured upper-state lifetime and a determination of the fluorescence branching ratio for this state. The value thus determined is 3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2. The second method involves measurement of the ratio of fluorescent intensities from the upper laser level to the ground state and to the lower laser level, and measurement of the cross section in absorption of the transition which involves the ground state. The second method yields a value of 2.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2. The difference represents the contribution of fluorescence to high-lying levels (not included in the determination of branching ratio) and nonradiative transitions. The probable experimental accuracy in both methods is \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}15%.
The spectra of luminescence and magnetic circular polarization of luminescence in the 1 D 2 → 3 F 4 emission band in thulium:yttrium-aluminum garnet Tm3+:YAG (Tm3+:Y3Al5O12) have been investigated at temperatures T = 78 and 293 K, respectively. Based on the analysis of the magnetooptical and optical spectra, the optical transitions between the Stark sublevels of the 3 F 4 and 1 D 2 multiplets in Tm3+:YAG were identified. It is shown that the symmetry and energies of the Stark sublevels of the 3 F 4, 1 D 2, and 3 H 6 multiplets, found experimentally from magnetic and magnetooptical studies, confirm the results of theoretical calculations of the energy spectrum of the rare earth Tm3+ ion in YAG.