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arXiv:0903.3444

Quantum direct communication with mutual authentication

Cheng-An Yen, Shi‐Jinn Horng, Hsi‐Sheng Goan, Tzong‐Wann Kao, Yao–Hsin Chou

Published Mar 20, 2009• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In this paper, we first point out that some recently proposed quantum direct communication (QDC) protocols with authentication are vulnerable under some specific attacks, and the secrete message will leak out to the authenticator who is introduced to authenticate users participating in the communication. We then propose a new protocol that is capable of achieving secure QDC with authentication as long as the authenticator would do the authentication job faithfully. Our quantum protocol introduces a mutual authentication procedure, uses the quantum Bell states, and applies unitary transformations in the authentication process. Then it exploits and utilizes the entanglement swapping and local unitary operations in the communication processes. Thus, after the authentication process, the client users are left alone to communicate with each other, and the authenticator has no access to the secrete message. In addition, our protocol does not require a direct quantum link between any two users, who want to communicate with each other. This may also be an appealing advantage in the implementation of a practical quantum communication network.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0903.3444

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In this paper, we first point out that some recently proposed quantum direct communication (QDC) protocols with authentication are vulnerable under some specific attacks, and the secrete message will leak out to the authenticator who is introduced to authenticate users participating in the communication. We then propose a new protocol that is capable of achieving secure QDC with authentication as long as the authenticator would do the authentication job faithfully. Our quantum protocol introduces a mutual authentication procedure, uses the quantum Bell states, and applies unitary transformations in the authentication process. Then it exploits and utilizes the entanglement swapping and local unitary operations in the communication processes. Thus, after the authentication process, the client users are left alone to communicate with each other, and the authenticator has no access to the secrete message. In addition, our protocol does not require a direct quantum link between any two users, who want to communicate with each other. This may also be an appealing advantage in the implementation of a practical quantum communication network.
In this paper, we first point out that some recently proposed quantum direct communication (QDC) protocols with authentication are vulnerable under some specific attacks, and the secrete message will leak out to the authenticator who is introduced to authenticate users participating in the communication. We then propose a new protocol that is capable of achieving secure QDC with authentication as long as the authenticator would do the authentication job faithfully. Our quantum protocol introduces a mutual authentication procedure, uses the quantum Bell states, and applies unitary transformations in the authentication process. Then it exploits and utilizes the entanglement swapping and local unitary operations in the communication processes. Thus, after the authentication process, the client users are left alone to communicate with each other, and the authenticator has no access to the secrete message. In addition, our protocol does not require a direct quantum link between any two users, who want to communicate with each other. This may also be an appealing advantage in the implementation of a practical quantum communication network.
First, a mutually authenticated quantum direct communication (QDC) protocol based on entanglement swapping is proposed in this paper. The protocol includes two phases, the first one for mutual identity authentication and the next for direct communication. Users Alice and Bob can identify each other by checking the correlation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. According to basic properties of entanglement swapping, Bob just does exclusive-or operations on Alice's public bits and his measurement results to extract Alice's secret message in the direct communication phase. The authentication phase is proved to be secure, and there is no qubits transmission in the direct communication phase, so the protocol is completely secure. Furthermore, the presented QDC protocol is converted to a bidirectional one without information leakage unlike most bidirectional QDC protocols.
A deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) scheme with mutual authentication is proposed, where unitary operations are not necessary, while they are indispensable in other quantum direct communication (QDC) schemes. Since the realization of a unitary operation is not a simple task in quantum computation and quantum communication, it simplifies the implementation of QDC schemes to a great extent. The scheme is partitioned into two parts, mutual authentication and direct communication. To authenticate identities of the two users, an authentication strategy is put forward by utilizing the property of Bell states in which unitary is not performed. In direct communication phase, Alice and Bob can communicate directly and deterministically without any unitary operation due to the property of entanglement swapping. Naturally, the security of the presented DSQC scheme is discussed in detail. Compared with the previous QDC protocols, the proposed DSQC scheme has some meaningful advantages.
We propose two quantum direct communication (QDC) protocols with user authentication. Users can identify each other by checking the correlation of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. Alice can directly send a secret message to Bob without any previously shared secret using the remaining GHZ states after authentication. Our second QDC protocol can be used even though there is no quantum link between Alice and Bob. The security of the transmitted message is guaranteed by properties of entanglement of GHZ states.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can transmit secret messages directly from one user to another without first establishing a shared secret key, which is different from quantum key distribution. In this paper, we propose a novel quantum secure direct communication protocol based on signal photons and Bell states. Before the execution of the proposed protocol, two participants Alice and Bob exchange their corresponding identity IDA and IDB through quantum key distribution and keep them secret, respectively. Then the message sender, Alice, encodes each secret message bit into two single photons (| 01〉or|10〉) or a Bell state , and composes an ordered secret message sequence. To insure the security of communication, Alice also prepares the decoy photons and inserts them into secret message sequence on the basis of the values of IDA and IDB. By the secret identity IDA and IDB, both sides of the communication can check eavesdropping and identify each other. The proposed protocol not only completes secure direct communication, but also realizes the mutual authentication. The security analysis of the proposed protocol is presented in the paper. The analysis results show that this protocol is secure against some common attacks, and no secret message leaks even if the messages are broken. Compared with the two-way QSDC protocols, the presented protocol is a one-way quantum communication protocol which has the immunity to Trojan horse attack. Furthermore, our proposed protocol can be realized without quantum memory.
We present Authenticated Multiuser Quantum Direct Communication(MQDC) protocols using entanglement swapping. Quantum direct communication is believed to be a safe way to send a secret message without quantum key distribution. The authentication process in our protocol allows only proper users to participate in communication. In the communication stage after the authentication, any two authorized users among n users can communicate each other even though there is no quantum communication channels between them. For this protocol, we need only n quantum communication channels between the authenticator and n users. It is similar to the present telephone system in which there are n communication channels between telephone company and users and any two designated users can communicate each other using telephone line through the telephone company. The securities of our protocols are analysed to be the same as those of other quantum key distribution protocols.