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arXiv:0811.3314 · Journal of Physics Conference Series

Luttinger liquid renormalized by a single impurity

Kenji Kamide, Takashi Kimura, Susumu Kurihara

Published Feb 1, 2009• 0 citations
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Abstract

Transport through a spinless Tomonaga-Luttinger (TL) liquid is studied in the presence of a single impurity. A boundary bosonization technique is developed to treat an impurity of arbitrary strength. Our new bosonization formula (i) smoothly connects the ones for the strong and the weak impurity limits, and (ii) reproduces exact scaling equation for the transmission probability in the weak two-body interaction limit. With the use of our formula, TL parameter is determined from the long-distance correlation functions. The result indicates a possible renormalization of TL parameter due to the effect of the single impurity scattering.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/150/2/022031

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Transport through a spinless Tomonaga-Luttinger (TL) liquid is studied in the presence of a single impurity. A boundary bosonization technique is developed to treat an impurity of arbitrary strength. Our new bosonization formula (i) smoothly connects the ones for the strong and the weak impurity limits, and (ii) reproduces exact scaling equation for the transmission probability in the weak two-body interaction limit. With the use of our formula, TL parameter is determined from the long-distance correlation functions. The result indicates a possible renormalization of TL parameter due to the effect of the single impurity scattering.
We study scaling of a single impurity potential in a Tomonaga‐Luttinger (TL) liquid for arbitrary impurity strength. Boson representation for the electron field operator including a phase shift by the impurity scattering is introduced, and used to calculate the temperature dependence of the local spectral density. The fixed line of an impurity potential is determined for TL liquid with spin dependent interactions (KS≠1), extending the results for weak and strong impurity limits to intermediate strength.
The single impurity problem in a spinful Tomonaga--Luttinger liquid is studied numerically using path-integral Monte Carlo methods. The advantage of our approach is that the system allows for extensive analyses of charge and spin conductance in the nonperturbative regime. By closely examining the behavior of conductances at low temperatures, in the presence of a finite backward scattering barrier due to the impurity, we identified four distinct phases characterized by either perfect transmission or reflection of charge and spin channels. Our phase diagram for an intermediate scattering strength is consistent with the standard perturbative renormalization group (RG) analysis in the limit of weak and strong backward scatterings, in the sense that all our phase boundaries interpolate the two limiting cases. Further investigations show, however, that precise location and form of our phase boundaries are not trivially explained by the standard RG analysis, e.g., some part of the phase diagram looks much similar to the weak backscattering limit, whereas some other part is clearly derived from the opposite limit. In order to give a more intuitive interpretation of such behaviors, we also reconsidered our impurity problem from the viewpoint of a quantum Brownian motion picture.
We introduce the Unified Field Bosonization Technique (UFBT), a direct bosonization framework for strongly inhomogeneous one-dimensional Luttinger liquids (LLs) containing static impurities. UFBT incorporates impurity scattering through a symmetrized combination of bosonic phase fields and yields closed-form expressions for arbitrary N-point correlation functions for a broad class of static impurity potentials, including delta barriers, finite barriers and finite wells. The formalism requires neither renormalization-group analysis nor perturbative expansions, providing an analytical description of the inhomogeneous system at the bosonized level. The resulting correlation functions capture the leading singular contributions relevant to the present analysis. The technique is validated by recovering known limiting cases, showing agreement with the first-order perturbative expansion in the interaction strength, and demonstrating consistency with the Schwinger-Dyson equations. A key result is that the correlation function exponents remain independent of the impurity strength, while the impurity dependence is captured by the spatial structure and amplitudes of the correlation functions. The resulting correlation functions establish a foundation for analytical studies of transport, Friedel oscillations, and the local and dynamical density of states in strongly inhomogeneous Luttinger liquids.
We use a functional integral formalism developed earlier for the pure Luttinger liquid (LL) to find an exact representation for the electron Green function of the LL in the presence of a single backscattering impurity in the low-temperature limit. This allows us to reproduce results (well known from the bosonization techniques) for the suppression of the electron local density of states (LDOS) at the position of the impurity and for the Friedel oscillations at finite temperature. In addition, we have extracted from the exact representation an analytic dependence of LDOS on the distance from the impurity and shown how it crosses over to that for the pure LL.