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arXiv:0809.3490 · Physical Review B

Non-Markovian decoherence theory for a double-dot charge qubit

Matisse Wei-Yuan Tu, Wei-Min Zhang

Published Dec 19, 2008• 235 citations
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Abstract

In this paper, we develop a nonperturbation theory for describing decoherence dynamics of electron charges in a double quantum dot gated by electrodes. We extend the Feynman-Vernon influence functional theory to fermionic environments and derive an exact master equation for the reduced density matrix of electrons in the double dot for a general spectral density at arbitrary temperature and bias. We then investigate the decoherence dynamics of the double-dot charge qubit with backreaction of the reservoirs being fully taken into account. Time-dependent fluctuations and leakage effects induced from the dot-reservoir coupling are explicitly explored. The charge qubit dynamics from the Markovian to non-Markovian regime is systematically studied under various manipulating conditions. The decay behavior of charge qubit coherence and the corresponding relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ and dephasing time ${T}_{2}$ are analyzed in detail.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.78.235311

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In this article, we report the recent progress on decoherence dynamics of electrons in quantum dot quantum computing systems using the exact master equation we derived recently based on the Feynman–Vernon influence functional approach. The exact master equation is valid for general nanostructure systems coupled to multi-reservoirs with arbitrary spectral densities, temperatures and biases. We take the double quantum dot charge qubit system as a specific example, and discuss in details the decoherence dynamics of the charge qubit under coherence controls. The decoherence dynamics risen from the entanglement between the system and the environment is mainly non-Markovian. We further discuss the decoherence of the double-dot charge qubit induced by quantum point contact (QPC) measurement where the master equation is re-derived using the Keldysh non-equilibrium Green function technique due to the non-linear coupling between the charge qubit and the QPC. The non-Markovian decoherence dynamics in the measurement processes is extensively discussed as well.
We investigate the dynamics of a double quantum dot charge qubit which is coupled to piezoelectric acoustic phonons, appropriate for GaAs heterostructures. At low temperatures, the phonon bath induces the non-Markovian dynamical behavior of the oscillations between the two charge states of the double quantum dot. Upon applying the numerically exact quasiadiabatic propagator path-integral scheme, the reduced density matrix of the charge qubit is calculated, thereby avoiding the Born-Markov approximation. This allows a systematic study of the dependence of the QQQ factor on the lattice temperature, on the size of the quantum dots, as well as on the interdot coupling. We calculate the QQQ factor for a recently realized experimental setup and find that it is two orders of magnitudes larger than the measured value, indicating that the decoherence due to phonons is a subordinate mechanism.
The decoherence dynamics of two charge qubits in a double quantum dot is investigated theoretically. We consider the quantum dynamics of two interacting electrons in a vertically coupled quantum dot driven by an external electric field. We derive the equations of motion for the density matrix, in which the presence of an electron confined in the double dot represents one qubit. A Markovian approach to the dynamical evolution of the reduced density matrix is adopted. We evaluate the concurrence of two qubits in order to study the effect of acoustic phonons on the entanglement. We also show that the disentanglement effect depends on the double dot parameters and increases with the temperature.
We have studied the dynamics of charge qubit with the static bias by a perturbation treatment based on unitary transformations. The approach can be practiced for various forms of the spectral density and the usual Ohmic and piezoelectric spectra are used in our calculations. Analytical results of the quantum dynamics, described by the population inversion P(t)P(t)P(t), are obtained together with the damping rate and the oscillation frequency. We find that a weak coupling of the qubit to the environment leads to a higher coherence oscillation frequency and a longer coherence time. For a fixed tunneling between the double quantum dots, the finite bias enhances the oscillation frequency effectively but its effect on the damping rate is relatively small. This is a possible way to maintain quantum coherence.
A nonequilibrium theory describing the charge qubit dynamics measured by a quantum point contact is developed based on Schwinger-Keldysh's approach. Using the real-time diagrammatic technique, we derive the master equation to all orders in perturbation expansions. The non-Markovian processes in the qubit dynamics is naturally taken into account. The qubit decoherence, in particular, the influence of the tunneling-electron fluctuation in the quantum point contact with a longer correlation time comparing to the time scale of the qubit dynamics, is studied in the framework. We consider the Lorentzian-type spectral density to characterize the channel mixture of the electron-tunneling processes induced by the measurement, and determine the correlation time scale of the tunneling-electron fluctuation. The result shows that as the quantum point contact is casted with a narrower profile of the spectral density, tunneling electrons propagate in a longer correlation time scale and lead to the non-Markovian processes of the qubit dynamics. The qubit electron in the charge qubit can be driven coherently. The quantum point contact measurement with the minimum deviation of the electron-tunneling processes prevents the qubit state from the decoherence.