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arXiv:0808.0227 · Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment

Algebraic Bethe ansatz approach to the asymptotic behavior of correlation functions

N Kitanine, Karol Kajetan Kozlowski, Jean Michel Maillet, N A Slavnov, V. Terras

Published Apr 2, 2009• 175 citations
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Abstract

We describe a method to derive, from first principles, the long-distance asymptotic behavior of correlation functions of integrable models in the framework of the algebraic Bethe ansatz. We apply this approach to the longitudinal spin–spin correlation function of the XXZ Heisenberg spin- 1/2 chain (with magnetic field) in the disordered regime as well as to the density–density correlation function of the interacting one-dimensional Bose gas. At leading order, the results confirm the Luttinger liquid and conformal field theory predictions.

DOI
10.1088/1742-5468/2009/04/p04003

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We describe a method to derive, from first principles, the long-distance asymptotic behavior of correlation functions of integrable models in the framework of the algebraic Bethe ansatz. We apply this approach to the longitudinal spin–spin correlation function of the XXZ Heisenberg spin- 1/2 chain (with magnetic field) in the disordered regime as well as to the density–density correlation function of the interacting one-dimensional Bose gas. At leading order, the results confirm the Luttinger liquid and conformal field theory predictions.
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We consider the low-temperature limit of the long-distance asymptotic behavior of the finite-temperature density–density correlation function in the one-dimensional Bose gas derived recently in the algebraic Bethe ansatz framework. Our results confirm the predictions based on the Luttinger liquid and conformal field theory approaches. We also demonstrate that the amplitudes arising in this asymptotic expansion at low temperature coincide with the amplitudes associated with the so-called critical form factors.
We describe a Bethe ansatz-based method to derive, starting from a multiple integral representation, the long-distance asymptotic behavior at finite temperature of the density–density correlation function in the interacting one-dimensional Bose gas. We compute the correlation lengths in terms of solutions of non-linear integral equations of the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz type. Finally, we establish a connection between the results obtained in our approach and the correlation lengths stemming from the quantum transfer matrix method.
Introduction The long distance asymptotics of correlation functions in integrable models have attracted long-standing interest. For the gapless one-dimensional systems considered in this book, zero temperature is a critical point. At zero temperature, ( T = 0), correlation functions decay as a power of the distance, but for T > 0, correlation functions decay exponentially. The powers of the distance by which correlation functions decay at zero temperature are called the critical exponents and they are the subject of this chapter. A recent development in the understanding of critical phenomena in (1+1)-dimensional systems is connected with conformal field theory which provides a powerful method for calculating critical exponents. However, many important results in (1+1)-dimensional systems have been obtained from perturbation calculations and renormalization group treatments, and. It should also be noted that the quantum inverse scattering method (QISM) approach to correlation functions confirms the predictions of conformal field theory (CFT), but more importantly QISM techniques show that the critical exponents of integrable models depend only on the underlying R-matrix. The Luttinger liquid approach is very powerful; it is also close to CFT. This approach is essentially based on the representation of a critical one-dimensional model in terms of a gaussian model. In the framework of this approach, the critical exponent was calculated first for Bethe Ansatz solvable models with a single degree of freedom. One should also mention the bosonization technique.
Spin-1/2 chains demonstrate some of the striking effects of interactions and quantum fluctuations in one-dimensional systems. The XXZ model has been used to study the unusual properties of anisotropic spin chains in an external magnetic field. The zero temperature phase diagram for this model exhibits a critical or quasi-long-range-ordered phase which is a realization of a Luttinger liquid. While many static properties of spin-1/2 chains have been explained by combinations of analytical techniques such as bosonization and Bethe ansatz, the standard approach fails in the calculation of some time-dependent correlation functions. I present a study of the longitudinal dynamical structure factor for the XXZ model in the critical regime. I show that an approximation for the line shape of the dynamical structure factor in the limit of small momentum transfer can be obtained by going beyond the Luttinger model and treating irrelevant operators associated with band curvature effects. This approach is able to describe the width of the on-shell peak and the high-frequency tail at finite magnetic field. Integrability is shown to affect the low-energy effective model at zero field, with consequences for the line shape. The power-law singularities at the thresholds of the particle-hole continuum are investigated using an analogy with the X-ray edge problem. Using methods of Bethe ansatz and conformal field theory, I compute the exact exponents for the edge singularities of the dynamical structure factor. The same methods are used to study the long-time asymptotic behavior of the spin self-correlation function, which is shown to be dominated by a high-energy excitation.