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arXiv:0807.3067 · Physical Review Letters

Spin Field Effect Transistors with Ultracold Atoms

J. Y. Vaishnav, Julius Ruseckas, Charles W. Clark, Gediminas Juzeliūnas

Published Dec 29, 2008• 45 citations
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Abstract

We propose a method of constructing cold atom analogs of the spintronic device known as the Datta-Das transistor (DDT), which, despite its seminal conceptual role in spintronics, has never been successfully realized with electrons. We propose two alternative schemes for an atomic DDT, both of which are based on the experimental setup for tripod stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. Both setups involve atomic beams incident on a series of laser fields mimicking the relativistic spin-orbit coupling for electrons that is the operating mechanism of the DDT.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.101.265302

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We propose a method of constructing cold atom analogs of the spintronic device known as the Datta-Das transistor (DDT), which, despite its seminal conceptual role in spintronics, has never been successfully realized with electrons. We propose two alternative schemes for an atomic DDT, both of which are based on the experimental setup for tripod stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. Both setups involve atomic beams incident on a series of laser fields mimicking the relativistic spin-orbit coupling for electrons that is the operating mechanism of the DDT.
Spin-dependent electrical injection has found useful applications in storage devices, but fully operational spin-dependent semiconductor electronics remain a challenging task because of weak spin-orbit couplings and/or strong spin relaxations. These limitations are lifted considering atoms instead of electrons or holes as spin carriers. In this emerging field of atomtronics, we demonstrate the equivalent of a Datta-Das transistor using a degenerate Fermi gas of strontium atoms as spin carriers in interaction with a tripod laser-beams scheme. We explore the dependence of spin rotation, and we identify two key control parameters which we interpret as equivalent to the gate-source and drain-source voltages of a field effect transistor. Our finding broadens the spectrum of atomtronics devices for implementation of operational spin-sensitive circuits.
Gauge fields play a prominent role in modern physics from electromagnetic theory to standard model of particle physics. These are cutting edge mathematical tools to understand fundamental forces and interaction between sub-atomic particles. Though gauge fields are considered natural tools of study in high-energy physics, they can be extended to low-energy condensed matter physics to study the behaviour of quantum particles in special environments like electrons in a magnetic field. Apart from naturally occurring gauge fields, controllable artificial gauge fields can be used to tailor physical effects on quantum systems like neutral atoms, qubits, photons, anions etc. This thesis reports the study of laser-induced artificial non-Abelian gauge fields interacting with an ultracold atomic wave packet in free space. In sharp contrast to the Abelian gauge fields, spatially uniform non-Abelian gauge fields can induce non-inertial motion of a particle. This motion is locked to the pseudo-spin state of the system and induces spin-orbit coupling. These non-Abelian gauge fields are experimentally realized by adiabatic evolution of the state of the atoms in the degenerate subspace of the coupling Hamiltonians. We produce SU(2) and SU(3) non-Abelian gauge fields using doubly degenerate dark state subspace of tripod and triply degenerate dark state subspace of double-tripod atom-light coupling schemes, respectively. Using the SU(2) gauge field in one dimension, we demonstrate the function of an atomtronic Datta-Das transistor (DDT) where spin polarized atoms enter the gate region and exit with their spin orientation controlled by the gate parameter analogous to the gate voltage in conventional field effect transistor. We demonstrate the geometric nature of the spin rotation in our DDT by showing insensitivity of the result to the input velocity and velocity dispersion of the atomic cloud. We have also implemented a Ramsey interferometric sequence to extract the phase of the output state of the DDT showing that the spin rotation by the DDT is coherent. In two dimensions, the dynamics of the wave packet in SU(2) gauge field show Zitterbewegung oscillations revealing spin Hall effect characteristics of the system. Whereas the dynamics of the wave packet in SU(3) gauge field show oscillations with multiple frequencies emulating color-orbit coupling. These frequencies correspond to the energy separation between the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. Using the SU(3) Hamiltonian, we show two paths of reaching the same final state from the initial state demonstrating the existence of additional ladder operators in the SU(3) system in addition to the well-known raising and lowering operators of angular momentum represented by SU(2) symmetry. With this study, we realize a system that can be used to study the rich physics of SU(3) Hamiltonians on table top experiments.
We propose an optical lattice scheme which would permit the experimental observation of Zitterbewegung (ZB) with ultracold, neutral atoms. A four-level tripod variant of the setup for stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) has previously been proposed for generating non-Abelian gauge fields. Dirac-like Hamiltonians, which exhibit ZB, are simple examples of such non-Abelian gauge fields; we show how a variety of them can arise, and how ZB can be observed, in a tripod system. We predict that the ZB should occur at experimentally accessible frequencies and amplitudes.
Atomtronics, a technique to control atoms for an application of devices, has been studied in recent years.The purpose of this thesis is to propose a novel method to control atoms for the application to the atomtronics.To achieve this purpose, we use a spin current in a spin-orbit (SO) coupled cold atoms.The spin current, that is a counterflow of particles with different spins, has attracted attention as a method to control electrons.On the other hand, the artificial SO coupled cold atoms were experimentally realized in 2011 and have been studied theoretically and experimentally.We can expect that a spin current can be formed in the SO coupled cold atoms because the SO coupling is known to induce a spin current and controlled because the cold atoms have various experimentally controllable parameters.However, little has been studied so far on the spin current in the cold atom.Therefore, we studied novel controllability of the spin current in the SO coupled cold atom.An SO coupled Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) was experimentally realized in 2011 and then an SO coupled degenerate fermions became available in 2012.In these systems, since the SO coupling was engineered in a neutral atom by dressing two atomic spin states with a pair of Raman lasers and an external magnetic field, it is called artificial SO coupling.In addition, some parameters such as intensity of the SO coupling can be experimentally tuned by the lasers and the external magnetic field in the artificial SO coupled cold atoms.Therefore, by investigating parameter dependence of the spin currents, we reveal controllability of the atoms in the artificial SO coupled Bose and Fermi systems.As a result, in the SO coupled Bose system, the spin current changes discontinuously and non-smoothly across the phase boundaries, while in the SO coupled Fermi system, the spin current changes continuously and smoothly at zero temperature.On the other hand, Bose-Fermi mixture was experimentally realized and have been studied from different viewpoints.Therefore, we can expect to realize an artificial SO coupled Bose-Fermi mixture in near future.In this system, since atoms of different quantum statistics coexist under an influence of the SO coupling, novel phenomena can be expected.Based on these ideas, we investigate a ground state and a spin current in a mixture of fermions and SO coupled bosons.The ground states are calculated in the SO coupled Bose-Fermi mixture with high density or low density of the atoms by using a variational method and some approximations such as tight-binding approximation.For the high density, the fermions have a large influence on the Bose system, while, for the low density, the fermions have little influence although the relative amounts of the bosons and the fermions are comparable in the two cases.In addition, we show that the spin current of the i