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arXiv:0807.2615 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Quantumness witnesses

Robert Alicki, Marco Piani, Nicholas Van Ryn

Published Oct 29, 2008• 24 citations
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Abstract

A recently proposed test of quantumness Alicki and Van Ryn ( 2008 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 062001 ) is put into a broader mathematical and physical perspective. The notion of quantumness witnesses is introduced, in analogy to entanglement witnesses, and is illustrated by examples of single qubit and many-body systems with additive observables. We also compare our proposal with the quantumness test based on quantum correlations (entanglement) and Bell inequalities, and go on to discuss a class of quantumness witnesses associated with the phase-space representation of quantum mechanics.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8113/41/49/495303

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A recently proposed test of quantumness Alicki and Van Ryn ( 2008 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 062001 ) is put into a broader mathematical and physical perspective. The notion of quantumness witnesses is introduced, in analogy to entanglement witnesses, and is illustrated by examples of single qubit and many-body systems with additive observables. We also compare our proposal with the quantumness test based on quantum correlations (entanglement) and Bell inequalities, and go on to discuss a class of quantumness witnesses associated with the phase-space representation of quantum mechanics.
In view of the tomographic-probability representation of quantum states, we reconsider the approach to quantumness tests of a single system developed by Alicki and Van Ryn (2008 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 062001). For qubits we introduce a general family of quantumness witnesses, which are operators depending on an extra parameter. Spin tomogram and dual-spin tomographic symbols are used to study qubit examples and the test inequalities which are shown to satisfy simple relations within the framework of the standard probability theory.
We construct a quantumness witness following the work of Alicki and van Ryn (AvR) in “A simple test of quantumness for a single system ” [J. Phys. A: Math. Theor., 41, 062001 (2008)]. The AvR test is designed to detect quantumness. We reformulate the AvR test by defining it for quantum states rather than for observ-ables. This allows us to identify the necessary quantities and resources to detect quantumness for any given system. The first quantity turns out to be the purity of the system. When applying the witness to a system with even moderate mixedness the protocol is unable to reveal any quantumness. We then show that having many copies of the system leads the witness to reveal quantumness. This seems contrary to the Bohr correspondence, which asserts that in the large number limit quan-tum systems become classical, while the witness shows quantumness when several non-quantum systems, as determined by the witness, are considered together. How-ever, the resources required to detect the quantumness increase dramatically with the number of systems. We apply the quantumness witness for systems that are highly mixed but in the large number limit, which resembles nuclear magnetic res-onance (NMR) systems. We make several conclusion about detecting quantumness in NMR-like systems.
This paper discusses some tests of Bell-like inequalities not requiring entangled states. The proposed tests are based on consecutive measurements on a single qubit. Available hidden-variable models for a single qubit [see, e.g., J. S. Bell, Rev. Mod. Phys. 38, 447 (1966)] reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics and hence violate the Bell-like inequalities addressed in this paper. It is shown how this fact is connected with the state ``collapse'' and with its random nature. Thus, it becomes possible to test truly realistic and deterministic hidden-variable models. In this way, it can be shown that a hidden-variable model should entail at least one of the following features: (i) nonlocality, (ii) contextuality, or (iii) discontinuous measurement-dependent probability functions. The last two features are put to the test with the experiments proposed in this paper. A hidden-variable model that is noncontextual and deterministic would be at variance with some predictions of quantum mechanics. Furthermore, the proposed tests are more likely to be loophole-free, as compared to former ones.
We construct a quantumness witness following the work of Alicki & van Ryn (AvR). We reformulate the AvR test by defining it for quantum states rather than for observables. This allows us to identify the necessary quantities and resources to detect quantumness for any given system. The first quantity turns out to be the purity of the system. When applying the witness to a system with even moderate mixedness, the protocol is unable to reveal any quantumness. We then show that having many copies of the system leads the witness to reveal quantumness. This seems contrary to the Bohr correspondence, which asserts that, in the large-number limit, quantum systems become classical, whereas the witness shows quantumness when several non-quantum systems, as determined by the witness, are considered together. However, the resources required to detect the quantumness increase dramatically with the number of systems. We apply the quantumness witness for systems that are highly mixed but in the large-number limit that resembles nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) systems. We make several conclusions about detecting quantumness in NMR-like systems.