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arXiv:0805.0645 · Physical Review A

Geometric phase of a two-level system in a dissipative environment

Kazuo Fujikawa, Ming-Guang Hu

Published May 8, 2009• 14 citations
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Abstract

The geometric (Berry) phase of a two-level system in a dissipative environment is analyzed by using the second-quantized formulation, which provides a unified and gauge-invariant treatment of adiabatic and nonadiabatic phases and is thus applicable to a quantitative analysis of transitional regions away from ideal adiabaticity. In view of the recent experimental observation of the Berry phase in a superconducting qubit, we illustrate our formulation for a concrete adiabatic case in the Ohmic dissipation. The correction to the total phase together with the geometry-dependent dephasing time is given in a transparent way. The behavior of the geometric phase away from ideal adiabaticity is also analyzed in some detail.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.79.052107

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The geometric (Berry) phase of a two-level system in a dissipative environment is analyzed by using the second-quantized formulation, which provides a unified and gauge-invariant treatment of adiabatic and nonadiabatic phases and is thus applicable to a quantitative analysis of transitional regions away from ideal adiabaticity. In view of the recent experimental observation of the Berry phase in a superconducting qubit, we illustrate our formulation for a concrete adiabatic case in the Ohmic dissipation. The correction to the total phase together with the geometry-dependent dephasing time is given in a transparent way. The behavior of the geometric phase away from ideal adiabaticity is also analyzed in some detail.
The geometric (Berry) phase of a two-level system in a dissipative environment is analyzed by using the second-quantized formulation, which provides a unified and gauge-invariant treatment of adiabatic and nonadiabatic phases and is thus applicable to a quantitative analysis of transitional regions away from ideal adiabaticity. In view of the recent experimental observation of the Berry phase in a superconducting qubit, we illustrate our formulation for a concrete adiabatic case in the Ohmic dissipation. The correction to the total phase together with the geometry-dependent dephasing time is given in a transparent way. The behavior of the geometric phase away from ideal adiabaticity is also analyzed in some detail.
Geometric phases, which accompany the evolution of a quantum system and depend only on its trajectory in state space, are commonly studied in two-level systems. Here, however, we study the adiabatic geometric phase in a weakly anharmonic and strongly driven multilevel system, realized as a superconducting transmon-type circuit. We measure the contribution of the second excited state to the two-level geometric phase and find good agreement with theory treating higher energy levels perturbatively. By changing the evolution time, we confirm the independence of the geometric phase of time and explore the validity of the adiabatic approximation at the transition to the nonadiabatic regime.
Geometric phases are foundational to isolated quantum systems, yet their thermodynamic role in open systems remains unrevealed Developing a dissipative adiabatic perturbation expansion, we discover a Berry-phase-induced chiral work difference that survives decoherence. This chirality evolves from an interferometric thermodynamic Aharonov-Bohm effect in the unitary regime to a fringe-free signal in the dissipative regime. We illustrate this framework in a two-level system and assess its experimental feasibility. Our findings clarify the role of quantum geometry in the geometric formulation of thermodynamics.
The second quantized approach to geometric phases is reviewed. The second quantization generally induces a hidden local (time-dependent) gauge symmetry. This gauge symmetry defines the parallel transport and holonomy, and thus it controls all the known geometric phases, either adiabatic or non-adiabatic, in a unified manner. The transitional region from the adiabatic to non-adiabatic phases is thus analyzed in a quantitative way. It is then shown that the topology of the adiabatic Berry's phase is trivial in a precise sense and also the adiabatic phase is rather fragile against the non-adiabatic deformation. In this formulation, the notion such as the projective Hilbert space does not appear.
By analyzing an exactly solvable model in the second quantized formulation which allows a unified treatment of adiabatic and non-adiabatic geometric phases, it is shown that the topology of the adiabatic Berry's phase, which is characterized by the singularity associated with possible level crossing, is trivial in a precise sense. This topology of the geometric phase is quite different from the topology of the Aharonov-Bohm effect, where the topology is specified by the external local gauge field and it is exact for the slow as well as for the fast motion of the electron.