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arXiv:0801.3604 · Physical Review Letters

Characterization of Strong Light-Matter Coupling in Semiconductor Quantum-Dot Microcavities via Photon-Statistics Spectroscopy

L. Schneebeli, M. Kira, S. W. Koch

Published Aug 28, 2008• 47 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

It is shown that spectrally resolved photon-statistics measurements of the resonance fluorescence from realistic semiconductor quantum-dot systems allow for high contrast identification of the two-photon strong-coupling states. Using a microscopic theory, the second-rung resonance of Jaynes-Cummings ladder is analyzed and optimum excitation conditions are determined. The computed photon-statistics spectrum displays gigantic, experimentally robust resonances at the energetic positions of the second-rung emission.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.101.097401

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It is shown that spectrally resolved photon-statistics measurements of the resonance fluorescence from realistic semiconductor quantum-dot systems allow for high contrast identification of the two-photon strong-coupling states. Using a microscopic theory, the second-rung resonance of Jaynes-Cummings ladder is analyzed and optimum excitation conditions are determined. The computed photon-statistics spectrum displays gigantic, experimentally robust resonances at the energetic positions of the second-rung emission.
Resonance fluorescence equations are derived and solved for strong-coupling semiconductor quantum-dot systems using a fully quantized multimode theory and a cluster-expansion approach. A reduced model is developed to explain the origin of autocorrelation and cross-correlation resonances in the two-photon emission spectrum of the fluorescent light. These resonances are traced back to the two-photon strong-coupling states of Jaynes-Cummings ladder. The accuracy of the reduced model is verified via numerical solution of the resonance fluorescence equations. The analysis reveals the direct relation between the squeezed-light emission and the strong-coupling states in optically excited semiconductor systems.
Abstract Maxwell‐Bloch and luminescence equations are presented which describe vacuum Rabi splitting and the quantum rungs on the Jaynes‐Cummings ladder for strongly‐coupled dot‐cavity systems. Resonance fluorescence conditions are considered where an optical pump is exciting the dot‐cavity system while the re‐emitted light is detected. An analytical formula for the vacuum Rabi splitting is derived and a pumping mechanism for the direct generation of the second rung is presented and analyzed. An optimum pumping frequency and optimum pumping intensity are identified for the generation of the second rung. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light and matter can be unified under the strong coupling regime, creating superpositions of both, called dressed states or polaritons. After initially being demonstrated in bulk semiconductors and atomic systems ,strong coupling phenomena have been realized in solid state optical microcavities. They form an essential ingredient in the exciting physics spanning from many-body quantum coherence phenomena, like Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity, to cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED). A widely used approach within cQED is the Jaynes-Cummings (JC) model that describes the interaction of a single fermionic two-level system with a single bosonic photon mode. For a photon number larger than one, known as quantum strong coupling (QSC), a significant anharmonicity is predicted for the ladder-like spectrum of dressed states. For optical transitions in semiconductor nanostructures, first signatures of the quantum strong coupling were recently published. In our latest report we applied advanced coherent nonlinear spectroscopy to explore a strongly coupled exciton-cavity system. Specifically, we measured and simulated its four-wave mixing (FWM) response, granting direct access to the first two rungs of the JC ladder. This paper summarizes the main results of Ref. 15 and adds FWM experiments obtained on a micropillar cavity in which a doublet of quantum dot (QD) excitons interacts with the cavity mode in the limit of weak to strong coupling.
Recently, the concept of an ''NNN-photon spectrum'' -- a spectrally resolved NNN-photon correlation function -- has been introduced as an innovative quantum optics characterization tool that uniquely reveals information about pathways underlying the generation of light in a given source. Here, the authors investigate experimentally the three-photon spectrum of resonance fluorescence from a single semiconductor quantum dot. The observations agree with previous theoretical work, revealing significantly more pronounced photon antibunching at the Mollow triplet sidebands and more strongly correlated emission through virtual states compared to the two-photon counterpart.
Quantum optics provides a fundamental framework for understanding the interaction between light and matter at the quantum level. Recently, it has been shown that under incoherent pumping, the resonance fluorescence spectrum dramatically changes. Engineering the resonance fluorescence spectrum paves the way towards solid-state-based single-photon sources. In this paper, we start by reviewing and reproducing some of the results concerning the resonance fluorescence spectrum, single-photon sources, dressed-state lasers, and luminescence spectrum of a quantum dot in a microcavity. Photon correlations in quantum optical systems and spectral properties of radiation emitted by atomic and semiconductor systems interacting with external fields are investigated. The well known Mollow triplet structure of the emission spectrum is discussed, together with the role of dressed states in explaining the origin of the three spectral peaks. Furthermore, the luminescence spectra of quantum emitters coupled to microcavities are reviewed. The numerical results presented here contribute to the theoretical understanding of resonance fluorescence, photon correlations, and engineered emission in quantum optical systems. These studies highlight the rich physical properties arising from light matter interaction at the quantum level and demonstrate their relevance for emerging quantum technologies.
We show that resonance fluorescence, i.e., the resonant emission of a coherently driven two-level system, can be realized with a semiconductor quantum dot. The dot is embedded in a planar optical microcavity and excited in a waveguide mode so as to discriminate its emission from residual laser scattering. The transition from the weak to the strong excitation regime is characterized by the emergence of oscillations in the first-order correlation function of the fluorescence, g(tau), as measured by interferometry. The measurements correspond to a Mollow triplet with a Rabi splitting of up to 13.3 microeV. Second-order correlation measurements further confirm nonclassical light emission.