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arXiv:0801.1793

Realizzazione di un esperimento innovativo con doppia fenditura utilizzando coppie correlate di fotoni

Giuseppe Falzetta

Published Jan 11, 2008• 0 citations
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Abstract

In this Thesis I present a double slit experiment where two undistinguishable photons produced by type I PDC are sent each to a well defined slit. Data about the diffraction and interference patterns for coincidences are presented and discussed. An analysis of these data allows a first test of standard quantum mechanics against de Broglie-Bohm theory.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0801.1793

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In this Thesis I present a double slit experiment where two undistinguishable photons produced by type I PDC are sent each to a well defined slit. Data about the diffraction and interference patterns for coincidences are presented and discussed. An analysis of these data allows a first test of standard quantum mechanics against de Broglie-Bohm theory.
Quantum mechanics is a pillar of modern physics, confirmed by a huge number of experiments. Nevertheless, it presents many unintuitive properties, strongly differing from classical mechanics due to its intrinsic non-epistemic probabilistic nature. Many attempts have been devoted to building a deterministic theory reproducing all the results of standard quantum mechanics (SQM). One of the most successful attempts, in this sense, is de Broglie–Bohm (dBB) theory. This theory is built in order to reproduce almost all SQM predictions. However, it has recently been suggested that different coincidence patterns are predicted by SQM and dBB when a double-slit experiment is realized under specific conditions. In this paper we present the first realization of such a double-slit experiment with correlated photons produced in type I parametric down-conversion. We observe a perfect agreement with SQM prediction, whilst our result is almost eight standard deviations from the dBB prediction.
Abstract (inglese).The double-slit experiment remains one of the major conceptual challenges in modern physics,revealing an interference pattern for objects that produce localized detection events. WhileQuantum mechanics provides a remarkably accurate mathematical description of the observationresults, the physical meaning of the wave function and the measurement process remain a matter of debate.This work proposes a realistic reinterpretation of interference phenomena by assuming thatPhysical space is not a geometric vacuum but a real, continuous medium—an entity similar to asuperfluid—capable of transmitting dynamical disturbances. Within this framework, theexperimental dependence of interference on mass, velocity, internal structure, andenvironmental interactions arise naturally, without evoking an intrinsic wave-particle duality.Starting from the continuity and Euler–Korteweg equations for a continuous medium,a Hamilton–Jacobi-type formulation is derived that includes a density curvature termassociated with the elastic-capillary response of the medium. This structure is then compared with theMadelungian formulation of the Schrödinger equation, which shows that the analogy between the twoformalisms is purely structural and does not imply a physical identification between thedensity and probability density media. It is concluded that quantum mechanics can be interpreted asan effective theory that describes, in a limiting regime, the statistical dynamics of a real mediumdisturbed by the motion of particles. In this view, the wave function emerges as an effective mathematicalvariable rather than a fundamental physical entity, and interference phenomena find a continuousand realistic explanation without invoking the wave function collapse postulates or ontologicallyproblematic interpretations. Abstract (italiano). L’esperimento della doppia fenditura rappresenta uno dei nodi concettuali centrali della fisicamoderna, in quanto mostra un comportamento interferenziale per oggetti che producono eventi dirivelazione localizzati. Sebbene la meccanica quantistica fornisca una descrizione matematicaestremamente accurata dei risultati sperimentali, il significato fisico della funzione d’onda e delprocesso di misura rimane oggetto di dibattito.In questo lavoro si propone una reinterpretazione realistica dei fenomeni interferenziali assumendoche lo spazio fisico non sia un vuoto geometrico, ma un mezzo continuo reale, assimilabile a unsuperfluido, capace di trasmettere perturbazioni dinamiche. Viene mostrato come la dipendenzasperimentale dell’interferenza da massa, velocità, struttura interna e interazioni ambientaliemerga naturalmente in questo quadro, senza ricorrere a un dualismo onda – particella intrinseco.A partire dalle equazioni di continuità ed Eulero – Korteweg per un mezzo continuo, si ricava unaformulazione di tipo Hamilton – Jacobi che include un termine di curvatura della densità legato allarigidità del mezzo. Tale struttura viene confrontata con la formulazione di Madelungdell’equazione di Schrödinger, chiarendo che l’analogia tra i due formalismi è puramentestrutturale e non implica un’identificazione fisica tra densità del mezzo e densità di probabilità.Si conclude che la meccanica quantistica può essere interpretata come una teoria efficace chedescrive, in regime limite, la dinamica statistica di un mezzo reale perturbato dal moto delleparticelle. In questa prospettiva, la funzione d’onda emerge come strumento matematico efficace,ma non come entità fisica fondamentale, e i fenomeni interferenziali trovano una spiegazionecontinua e realistica senza ricorrere a postulati di collasso o a interpretazioni ontologicamenteproblematiche
Previous work established that the ratio n_acts = E/E_min, where E_min = 6.62607015x10^-34 J is the elementary quantum of energy transfer, places on a single line of slope 1 electromagnetic radiation across 30 orders of magnitude (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20671071) and matter with atomic structure (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.21279830). The present work applies the same quantity to the double-slit experiment in the single-photon regime. The photon employed in the first experiment with certified single photons (Grangier, Roger and Aspect, 1986; radiative cascade of calcium, lambda = 422.7 nm) corresponds to n_acts = 7.0923x10^14 elementary acts. The two experimental facts that define the experiment, the formation of the interference fringes and the invariably integral delivery of the energy at each detection, are read as properties of a transfer process composed of a very large number of identical elementary acts: during transit the process distributes itself in space and traverses both slits; at detection it completes as a unit, delivering the total energy at a single point. The constancy of c provides a causal reading of the fringe pattern: the bands are the map of the points of synchronous recomposition, their positions given by the synchrony condition, their intensity and shading by the partition of the paths between free transit and deflection at the slit edges. The corpuscular and undulatory behaviours correspond to the energetic and spatial faces of the same process, bound by the identity n_acts x lambda = c. The interpretation is declared as such and is empirically bound to the cited data; every numerical value is reproducible from published constants and published data. Version 2: technical clarifications on the experimental apparatus (Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the 1986 experiment; lithographic slits in modern single-photon setups) and dimensional closure of the identity with the reference frequency ν_0 = 1 Hz.