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arXiv:0712.3540 · Physical Review E

Griffiths-McCoy singularities, Lee-Yang zeros, and the cavity method in a solvable diluted ferromagnet

Chris R. Laumann, Antonello Scardicchio, Shivaji L. Sondhi

Published Jun 27, 2008• 6 citations
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Abstract

We study the diluted Ising ferromagnet on the Bethe lattice as a case study for the application of the cavity method to problems with Griffiths-McCoy singularities. Specifically, we are able to make much progress at infinite coupling where we compute, from the cavity method, the density of Lee-Yang zeros in the paramagnetic Griffiths region as well as the properties of the phase transition to the ferromagnet. This phase transition is itself of a Griffiths-McCoy character albeit with a power law distribution of cluster sizes.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.77.061139

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We study the diluted Ising ferromagnet on the Bethe lattice as a case study for the application of the cavity method to problems with Griffiths-McCoy singularities. Specifically, we are able to make much progress at infinite coupling where we compute, from the cavity method, the density of Lee-Yang zeros in the paramagnetic Griffiths region as well as the properties of the phase transition to the ferromagnet. This phase transition is itself of a Griffiths-McCoy character albeit with a power law distribution of cluster sizes.
The densities of Yang-Lee zeros for the Ising ferromagnet on the L x L square lattice are evaluated from the exact grand partition functions (L=3 approximately 16). The properties of the density of Yang-Lee zeros are discussed as a function of temperature T and system size L. The three different classes of phase transitions for the Ising ferromagnet--first-order phase transition, second-order phase transition, and Yang-Lee edge singularity--are clearly distinguished by estimating the magnetic scaling exponent yh from the densities of zeros for finite-size systems. The divergence of the density of zeros at Yang-Lee edge in high temperatures (Yang-Lee edge singularity), which has been detected only by the series expansion until now for the square-lattice Ising ferromagnet, is obtained from the finite-size data. The identification of the orders of phase transitions in small systems is also discussed using the density of Yang-Lee zeros.
A soluble, but nontrivial, model of a dilute Ising ferromagnet is studied, with infinite-range interactions but finite average connectivity c. The density of (Yang-Lee) zeros of the partition function in the complex z=exp(-2H) plane (where H is the external magnetic field in units of the temperature) is calculated explicitly in the high-temperature phase for large but finite c and small \ensuremath{\Vert}H\ensuremath{\Vert}. The density of zeros on the unit circle H=i\ensuremath{\theta} has the form \ensuremath{\rho}(\ensuremath{\theta})\ensuremath{\sim}exp{-[cf(K)/\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\Vert}]ln/B (1/\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\Vert})} for \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. The function f(K) (K=J/T) vanishes at the critical coupling KC{K}_{C}KC​(c). Heuristic arguments are given for the form of \ensuremath{\rho}(\ensuremath{\theta}) expected for systems with short-range interactions.
The Ising ferromagnet, consisting of magnetic spins, is the simplest system showing phase transitions and critical phenomena at finite temperatures. The Ising ferromagnet has played a central role in our understanding of phase transitions and critical phenomena. Also, the Ising ferromagnet explains the gas-liquid phase transitions accurately. In particular, the Ising ferromagnet in a nonzero magnetic field has been one of the most intriguing and outstanding unsolved problems. We study analytically the partition function zeros in the complex magnetic-field plane and the Yang-Lee edge singularity of the infinite-range Ising ferromagnet in an external magnetic field. In addition, we compare the Yang-Lee edge singularity of the infinite-range Ising ferromagnet with that of the square-lattice Ising ferromagnet in an external magnetic field.
We use numerical linked cluster expansions (NLCEs) to study the site-diluted transverse-field Ising model on the square lattice at T=0. NLCE with a self-consistent mean field on the boundary of the clusters is used to obtain the ground-state magnetization, susceptibility, and structure factor as a function of transverse field h and exchange constant J. Adding site dilution to the model turns NLCE into a series expansion in the dilution parameter p. Studying the divergence of the structure factor allows us to establish the phase diagram in the h/J and p plane. By studying the magnetization of the system in a longitudinal field, we investigate the Griffiths-McCoy singularities. We find that the magnetization develops nonlinearities in the Griffiths phase with exponents that vary continuously with h. Additionally, the probability distribution of the local susceptibility develops long tails in the Griffiths phase, which is studied in terms of its moments.
The Griffiths-McCoy singularity is a phenomenon characteristic of low-dimensional disordered quantum spin systems, in which the magnetic susceptibility shows singular behavior as a function of the external field even within the paramagnetic phase. We study whether this phenomenon is observed in the transverse-field Ising model with disordered ferromagnetic interactions on the quasi-two-dimensional diluted Chimera graph both by quantum Monte Carlo simulations and by extensive experiments on the D-Wave quantum annealer used as a quantum simulator. From quantum Monte Carlo simulations, evidence is found for the existence of the Griffiths-McCoy singularity in the paramagnetic phase. The experimental approach on the quantum hardware produces results that are less clear cut due to the intrinsic noise and errors in the analog quantum device but can nonetheless be interpreted to be consistent with the existence of the Griffiths-McCoy singularity as in the Monte Carlo case. This is the first experimental approach based on an analog quantum simulator to study the subtle phenomenon of Griffiths-McCoy singularities in a disordered quantum spin system, through which we have clarified the capabilities and limitations of the D-Wave quantum annealer as a quantum simulator.