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arXiv:0711.1894 · Physical Review Letters

Strong Coupling of Quantum Dots in Microcavities

Fabrice P. Laussy, Elena del Valle, C. Tejedor

Published Aug 22, 2008• 185 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We show that strong coupling (SC) of light and matter as it is realized with quantum dots in microcavities differs substantially from the paradigm of atoms in optical cavities. The type of pumping used in semiconductors yields new criteria to achieve SC, with situations where the pump hinders, or on the contrary, favors it. We analyze one of the seminal experimental observation of SC of a quantum dot in a pillar microcavity [Reithmaier, Nature (London) 432, 197 (2004)10.1038/nature02969] as an illustration of our main statements.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.101.083601

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We show that strong coupling (SC) of light and matter as it is realized with quantum dots in microcavities differs substantially from the paradigm of atoms in optical cavities. The type of pumping used in semiconductors yields new criteria to achieve SC, with situations where the pump hinders, or on the contrary, favors it. We analyze one of the seminal experimental observation of SC of a quantum dot in a pillar microcavity [Reithmaier, Nature (London) 432, 197 (2004)10.1038/nature02969] as an illustration of our main statements.
The interaction of light with matter is at the heart of quantum optics, which itself enables insight into the fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. First experimental access to this research field has been realized by coupling atoms to light. Here, the transition between discrete energy states of the atom is associated with the absorption and emission of a photon, a single quantum of the electromagnetic field. As a central aspect of quantum optics, the light-emitter interaction can be significantly enhanced by placing the emitter in optical cavity that is on resonance with the emitter. In recent years, this has led to a rapidly evolving research field known as cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). In CQED two different regimes are distinguished: the strong and the weak coupling regimes. In the strong coupling regime, the emitted photon is reflected from the cavity mirrors and eventually reabsorbed by the emitter. In contrast, the weak coupling regime describes the irreversible emission, where the photon leaks out of the cavity before it can be reabsorbed. Both the weak and strong coupling regimes enabled fundamental experiments for a better understanding of quantum optical phenomena. \n \n \n \nCQED grants access to the quantum world and hence offers potentially revolutionizing applications, particularly in the field of quantum information processing. A central aspect for the successful implementation of quantum applications is the system's scalability. Unfortunately, placing atoms deterministically inside a cavity remains technologically elaborate and hence minimizes the prospect of scaling a atom-CQED system. \n \nA possibility to address this issue is to implement CQED in the solid state, where sophisticated fabrication strategies allow miniaturization and scalability of the system. Particularly the development of self-assembled quantum dots (QD) in semiconductors represent a promising route. QDs can be considered as artificial atoms that mimic the atomic two-level system. These structures interact strongly with light and therefore have the potential for replacing atoms in CQED. As a central advantage, QDs are naturally trapped, which greatly simplifies the deterministic incorporation into the cavity. \n \nIn recent years, many efforts have been made to couple self-assembled QDs to microcavities. Generally, the successful implementation of CQED requires a cavity with a high quality factor Q and a low mode volume. In a majority of the approaches, the high Q/small mode volume cavities were monolithically defined around the QD, embedding the QD at a fixed position inside the cavity. Both the weak and strong coupling regimes have been reached with these systems. However, for future applications they suffer from several disadvantages. The fixed position of the QD inside the cavity minimizes the prospects for spectral tunability and spatial positioning the QD inside the cavity. Furthermore, prospects for further increasing of the cavity Q-factor and minimization of the mode volume remain limited in these systems. \n \nIn this thesis the mentioned disadvantages are addressed by developing a fully tunable miniaturized Fabry-Pérot microcavity with low mode volume. The design enables both spatial positioning of the emitter inside the cavity and spectral tunability. Successful coupling of a single QD to the microcavity is demonstrated including the strong coupling regime. Further a new approach to decrease the cavity mode volume is presented, where we demonstrate weak coupling is achieved
We provide a unified theory of luminescence spectra of coupled light-matter systems realized with semiconductor heterostructures in microcavities, encompassing (i) the spontaneous emission case, where the system decays from a prepared (typically pure) initial state, and (ii) luminescence in the presence of a continuous incoherent pump. We show how, by provoking a self-consistent quantum state, the pump considerably alters the emission spectra, even at vanishing intensities. The main outcome of our analysis is to unambiguously identify strong coupling in situations where it appears in disguise or only seems to appear. Here, we consider bosonic matter fields, in which case fully analytical solutions can be obtained. This describes the case of quantum wells or large quantum dots, or the limit of low excitation where the probability to have particles in the system remains much smaller than one.
e study theoretically, the photoluminescence properties of a single quantum dot in a microcavity under incoherent excitation. We propose a microscopic quantum statistical approach providing a Lindblad (thus completely positive) description of pumping and decay mechanisms of the quantum dot and of the cavity mode. Our analytical results show that strong coupling (SC) and linewidths are largely independent on the pumping intensity (until saturation effects come into play), in contrast to previous theoretical findings. We shall show the reliable predicting character of our theoretical framework in the analysis of various recent experiments.
Abstract When interaction between light and matter is in the strong coupling region, matter has a significant influence on the whole system, with potential to develop low‐power active optical devices. Strong coupling can verify some basic problems of quantum physics, and it is an ideal system to study light–matter interaction, providing an intuitive and accurate demonstration of some pure quantum effects with small mass and easy optical control. Here, the most important advances in strong coupling in recent years are described. Of late, an extensive series of experimental and theoretical findings, and remarkable achievements have been made in this field. Strong coupling between cavities and some new materials such as semiconductors, two‐dimensional (2D) material, and quantum dots (QDs) are the focus of research in this field. Another field that has made outstanding progress is the application of this optical phenomenon, including resonance‐enhanced Raman and infrared spectra, nanolasers, and cavity‐enhanced sensing. Furthermore, the potential in this field arises for future quantum information and quantum optical devices. It is now developing at a very fast rate and can be predicted to have broad prospects for development in the future. Some prospects in terms of design and application are included.
Light-matter interaction on the level of single emitters and single photons has attracted significant scientific interest in recent years. Of particular interest is strong coupling of single emitters in solid state systems and its application to quantum information processing. Due to the enormous progress in semiconductor technology it has become feasible to demonstrate strong coupling of single quantum dots in high-Q microcavity systems. Although it has been argued in these studies that it is very unlikely that several degenerated quantum dots contributed to the observed Rabi-splitting, it was not verified that the system had one and only one emitter. In this work we present proof that the emission from a strongly-coupled QD- microcavity system is dominated by a single quantum emitter.