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arXiv:0707.1953 · Physical Review B

Effect of antiferromagnetic exchange interactions on the Glauber dynamics of one-dimensional Ising models

M. G. Pini, A. Rettori

Published Aug 6, 2007• 14 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We study the effect of antiferromagnetic interactions on the single spin-flip Glauber dynamics of two different one-dimensional Ising models with spin $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$. The first model is an Ising chain with antiferromagnetic exchange interaction limited to nearest neighbors and subject to an oscillating magnetic field. The system of master equations describing the time evolution of sublattice magnetizations can easily be solved within a linear field approximation and a long time limit. Resonant behavior of the magnetization as a function of temperature (stochastic resonance) is found, at low frequency, only when spins on opposite sublattices are uncompensated owing to different gyromagnetic factors (i.e., in the presence of a ferrimagnetic short range order). The second model is the axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising (ANNNI) chain, where an antiferromagnetic exchange between next-nearest neighbors is assumed to compete with a nearest-neighbor exchange interaction of either sign. The long time response of the model to a weak, oscillating magnetic field is investigated in the framework of a decoupling approximation for three-spin correlation functions, which is required to close the system of master equations. The calculation, within such an approximate theoretical scheme, of the dynamic critical exponent $z$, defined as $1∕\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approx}{(1∕\ensuremath{\xi})}^{z}$ (where $\ensuremath{\tau}$ is the longest relaxation time and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is the correlation length of the chain), suggests that the $T=0$ single spin-flip Glauber dynamics of the ANNNI chain is in a different universality class than that of the unfrustrated Ising chain.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.76.064407

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We study the effect of antiferromagnetic interactions on the single spin-flip Glauber dynamics of two different one-dimensional Ising models with spin \ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\ifmmode±\else\textpm\fi1. The first model is an Ising chain with antiferromagnetic exchange interaction limited to nearest neighbors and subject to an oscillating magnetic field. The system of master equations describing the time evolution of sublattice magnetizations can easily be solved within a linear field approximation and a long time limit. Resonant behavior of the magnetization as a function of temperature (stochastic resonance) is found, at low frequency, only when spins on opposite sublattices are uncompensated owing to different gyromagnetic factors (i.e., in the presence of a ferrimagnetic short range order). The second model is the axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising (ANNNI) chain, where an antiferromagnetic exchange between next-nearest neighbors is assumed to compete with a nearest-neighbor exchange interaction of either sign. The long time response of the model to a weak, oscillating magnetic field is investigated in the framework of a decoupling approximation for three-spin correlation functions, which is required to close the system of master equations. The calculation, within such an approximate theoretical scheme, of the dynamic critical exponent zzz, defined as 1∕\ensuremathτ\ensuremath≈(1∕\ensuremathξ)z1∕\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approx}{(1∕\ensuremath{\xi})}^{z}1∕\ensuremathτ\ensuremath≈(1∕\ensuremathξ)z (where \ensuremathτ\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremathτ is the longest relaxation time and \ensuremathξ\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremathξ is the correlation length of the chain), suggests that the T=0T=0T=0 single spin-flip Glauber dynamics of the ANNNI chain is in a different universality class than that of the unfrustrated Ising chain.
In this work we study the Glauber dynamics of the one-dimensional Ising model with nearest-neighbor and next-nearest-neighbor interactions, for which an approximate solution of the magnetization per site is obtained. When the dynamical critical exponent z is investigated following the treatment of Cordery, Sarker, and Tobochnik [Phys. Rev. B 24, 5402 (1981)], our observation shows that its upper-bound value is the same as the known value, thus implying that z is independent of the range of the interaction. We also suggest a high-temperature expansion approximation which is then used to solve the two-dimensional Glauber dynamics governed by a master equation; this solution is compared with that of the decoupling method. The time-delayed correlation function is also calculated.
Most of the existing dynamical studies in one dimension on magnetic insulators have considered the simplest spin models with nearest-neighbor interactions. In real systems, however, it is possible that longer range interactions are not entirely negligible. It is expected that the inclusion of next-nearest-neighbor interactions between spins in one-dimensional spin models will introduce a multitude of new frequencies in addition to the ones already present in the dynamics that arises due to nearest-neighbor interactions. We first present an exact solution for the dynamical xx-spin-pair correlations in an Ising chain with both nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions to confirm our expectation. We next show, via an approximate analytical calculation, that the dynamical zz-spin-pair correlations in the next-nearest-neighbor transverse Ising chain when plotted as a function of time is noticeably different with respect to the exactly solvable nearest-neighbor transverse Ising chain at T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} when the next-nearest-neighbor interaction is \ensuremath{\gtrsim}1/2 of the magnitude of the nearest-neighbor interaction. The effects could be fairly subtle in the time domain representation and in the spectral function when these additional interactions are weak (i.e., 1/2 of the nearest-neighbor interaction magnitude). The general conclusions reached in this work are expected to be valid for other simple quantum spin models such as the XY and XXZ models in one dimension. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Motivated by frustrated magnets and quasi-one-dimensional magnetic materials, we study the magnetic properties of one-dimensional (1D) Ising chains with nearest-neighbor (NN) and weaker next-to-nearest-neighbor (NNN) interactions in the presence of vacancy defects. The effect of a vacancy on the magnetic susceptibility of a spin chain is twofold: it reduces the length of the chain by an effective ``vacancy size'' and may also act as a free spin, a ``quasispin,'' with a Curie-type ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\text{quasi}}=\ensuremath{\langle}{S}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle}/T$ contribution to the susceptibility. In chains with antiferromagnetic short-range order, the susceptibility of vacancy-free chains is exponentially suppressed at low temperatures, and quasispins dominate the effect of impurities on the chains' magnetic properties. For chains with antiferromagnetic NN interactions, the quasispin matches the value $\ensuremath{\langle}{S}^{2}\ensuremath{\rangle}=1$ of the Ising spins in the chain for ferromagnetic NNN interactions and vanishes for antiferromagnetic NNN interactions. For chains with ferromagnetic short-range order, quasispin effects are insignificant due to exponentially large low-temperature susceptibilities, and the dominant effect of a vacancy is effectively changing the length of the chain.
The critical relaxation from the low-temperature ordered state of the three-dimensional Ising model with competing interactions on a simple cubic lattice has been studied for the first time using the short-time dynamics method. Competition between exchange interactions is due to the ferromagnetic interaction between the nearest neighbors and the antiferromagnetic interaction between the next nearest neighbors. Particles containing 262144 spins with periodic boundary conditions have been studied. Calculations have been performed by the standard Metropolis Monte Carlo algorithm. The static critical exponents of the magnetization and correlation radius have been calculated. The dynamic critical exponent of the model under study has been calculated for the first time.
Various forms of antiferromagnetic exchange interaction among quantized spins in one-dimensional and quasi-one-dimensional lattices are examined. Primary results are reported in two real compounds, the sodium vanadate NaV2O5 and the copper germanate CuGeO3, and in a class of compounds of real materials modeled as dimerized antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1/2 chains susceptible to spin-1 impurity doping and that include such examples as the strontium cuprate Sr14Cu24O41 and vanadium pyrophosphate (VO)2P2O7. Sodium vanadate, NaV2O5, a quarter-filled two-leg ladder compound that was originally thought to be composed of magnetic legs and nonmagnetic legs was subsequently shown to be a charge ordered system below room temperature. Initial models of the material as isolated antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1/2 chains can be mapped to the subsequently resolved magnetic system of the charge ordered state with the spins on molecular orbitals of V-O-V rungs antiferromagentically coupled between neighboring rungs either on the same ladder or on neighboring ladders. Comparing the model's dynamic structure factor to inelastic neutron scattering data could distinguish between the proposed spin coupling schemes and consequently reveal the details of the interaction between the lattice and the "zig-zag" charge density as well as the magnetic stabilization of the low temperature phase. Copper germanate, the first and only known inorganic spin-Peierls compound, exhibits a strong temperature dependent exchange coupling pattern among the spin-1/2 Cu2+ chains. Above the spin-Peierls transition temperature an unmodulated antiferromagnetic nearest neighbor exchange interaction J1 competes with an antiferromagnetic next nearest neighbor interaction J2. The next nearest neighbor exchange represents an effective coupling equivalent to the net effect of all longer range exchange interactions. This frustration to the nearest neighbor spin exchange produces a distinctive magnetic susceptibility χ (T) much different from the Bonner-Fisher susceptibility of the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain with nearest neighbor antiferromagnetic exchange only. The ratio of the second to first nearest neighbor couplings α = J2/J1 ≈ 0.36 is sufficient to open a spontaneous gap in the spin-wave excitation spectrum at low temperatures. Below TSP = 14K, the dynamical structure factor is used to fit the dimerization δ and the exchange interactions J1 and J2 to the inelastic neutron scattering data of CuGeO3 at T = 10K. It is found that both δ and α increase significantly at lower temperatures, relative to the values obtained in the high temperature phase and at the onset of dimeration at 14 K. Static structure factor calculations how Scattering inconsistent with the δ−J1−J2 model and can be attributed primarily to the phonon degrees of freedom but possibly also to the couplings between chains in the b and a directions of the crystal lattice. Structurally dimerized compounds of antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chains possess dynamic structure factor and magnetic susceptibility features that are very sensitive to doping with magnetic and nonmagnetic impurities. It is shown that the effects of spin-1 impurities are very similar to those of nonmagnetic (S = 0) impurities if the coupling between impurity and native spin is about the same magnitude as or larger than between native S = 1/2 spins. The microscopic origins of the similarity can be appreciated with the consideration that neighboring spins to the impurity find it more energetically favorable to couple to the impurity than the other spins of the lattice. Thus the spin-1 impurity and its neighboring S = 1/2 spins decouple from the lattice, creating a nonmagnetic break in the chain. The spins that now observe a nonmagnetic cluster on one side can couple to the S = 1/2 spins on the other side with a higher AF correlation than in the pure compound since they do not have to have a fluctuating dimer resonating between two neighbors. Such enhancements to the local correlations can stabilize the global AF order in one dimensional compounds as shown in theoretical and experimental studies of CuGeO3. ED calculations of the dynamic structure factor show that S(q, ω) developes states with ω = 0 in the gap at q = π. Magnetic susceptibilites in the presense of spin-1 impurities were obtained for 80 site chains by QMC simulations and for 16 site chains by ED calculations. An impurity concentration-dependent second peak in the low temperature region reveals an increasing second maximum with T as observed in doped copper germanates and suggests that the results of the study are applicable even to phonon mediated dimerization. This is not immediately apparent because spin-phonon coupling could distort the dimerization patterns. However, experimental and theoretical results show that elastic coupling between chains can stabilize the dimerization pattern due to the impurities and the results will still apply.
A two-dimensional (and to some degree three-di- mensional) version of Glauber's one-dimensional relaxation model is described. The model is constructed to yield the Ising model of cooperative phenomena at equilibrium. A complete hi- erarchy of differential equations for multispin correlation func- tions is constructed. Some remarks are made concerning the solu- tion of them for the initial value problem of determining the relaxation of an initial set of distributions. Investigations of the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the Ising model have expanded our intuition on the general na- ture of phase transitions. They have also provided an accurate representation of the behavior of certain real systems well char- acterized by the model. Dynamical models of cooperative phe- nomena have proven harder to develop. Glauber (1) introduced an interesting master equation for the dynamics of the Ising spin variables on a one-dimensional chain. This equation is constructed so that the spin-flipping process at a given time is determined by two competing influences: (i) temperature ef- fects which at higher temperatures tend to randomize the sys- tem, and (ii) correlation effects of a given with its neighbors which tend to align a given with its neighbors. Although some literature has been generated for the investigation of two- dimensional and three-dimensional generalizations of the Glauber model (cf. Kawasaki (2) and Matsudaira (3, 4)), a de- tailed analysis of the appropriate hierarchy of rate equations for the dynamics of correlation functions has not yet been given. The purpose of this report is to make a contribution to such a program.