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arXiv:0707.0012 · Physical Review B

Electron operator at the edge of the 1∕3 fractional quantum Hall liquid

Shivakumar Jolad, Chia-Chen Chang, Jainendra K. Jain

Published Apr 9, 2007• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This study builds upon the work of Palacios and MacDonald [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 118 (1996)], wherein they identify the bosonic excitations of Wen's approach for the edge of the $1∕3$ fractional quantum Hall state with certain operators introduced by Stone. Using a quantum Monte Carlo method, we extend this approach to larger systems containing up to 40 electrons and obtain more accurate thermodynamic limits for various matrix elements for a short-range interaction. The results are in agreement with those of Palacios and MacDonald for small systems, but offer further insight into a detailed approach to the thermodynamic limit. For the short range interaction, the results are consistent with chiral Luttinger liquid predictions. We also study excitations using the Coulomb ground state for up to nine electrons to ascertain the effect of interactions on the results; in this case, our tests of the chiral Luttinger liquid approach are inconclusive.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.75.165306

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This study builds upon the work of Palacios and MacDonald [Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 118 (1996)], wherein they identify the bosonic excitations of Wen's approach for the edge of the 1∕31∕31∕3 fractional quantum Hall state with certain operators introduced by Stone. Using a quantum Monte Carlo method, we extend this approach to larger systems containing up to 40 electrons and obtain more accurate thermodynamic limits for various matrix elements for a short-range interaction. The results are in agreement with those of Palacios and MacDonald for small systems, but offer further insight into a detailed approach to the thermodynamic limit. For the short range interaction, the results are consistent with chiral Luttinger liquid predictions. We also study excitations using the Coulomb ground state for up to nine electrons to ascertain the effect of interactions on the results; in this case, our tests of the chiral Luttinger liquid approach are inconclusive.
Tunnelling measurements on fractional quantum Hall systems are continuing to increase in popularity since they provide a method to probe the non-Fermi liquid behaviour of fractionally charged excitations occupying the edge states of a quantum Hall system. When considering tunnelling one must resort to an effective theory and typically a phenomenological tunnelling Hamiltonian is used analogous to that used for a conventional Luttinger liquid. It is the form of this tunnelling Hamiltonian that is investigated in this work by making a comparison to an exact microscopic calculation of the zero mode tunnelling matrix elements. The computation is performed using Monte Carlo and results were obtained for various system sizes for the ν=1/3ν=1/3ν=1/3 Laughlin state. Here we also present a solution to overcome the phase problem experienced in Monte Carlo calculations using Laughlin-type wavefunctions. Comparing the system size dependence of the microscopic and phenomenological calculations for the tunnelling matrix elements, it was found that only for a particular type of operator ordering in the tunnelling Hamiltonian was it possible to make a good match to the numerical calculations. From the Monte Carlo data it is also clear that for any system size the electron tunnelling is always less relevant than the quasiparticle tunnelling process, supporting the idea that when considering tunnelling at a weak barrier, the electron tunnelling process can be neglected.
We derive a microscopic model describing low-lying edge excitations in a fractional quantum Hall liquid with $\ensuremath{\nu}={\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}/(\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}+1).$ For ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}>0,$ it is found that the composite-fermion model reduces to an $\mathrm{SU}({\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*})$ Calogero-Sutherland model in a dimension reduction, whereas it is not exactly soluble for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}<0.$ However, the ground states in both cases can be found, and the low-lying excitations can show chiral Luttinger-liquid behaviors. On the other hand, we show that the finite-temperature behavior of the $G\ensuremath{-}T$ curve will deviate from the prediction of the chiral Luttinger liquid. We also point out that the suppression of the ``spin'' degrees of freedom agrees with very recent experiments by Chang et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2538 (1996)]. The two-boson model of Lee and Wen (preprint, cond-mat/9801318) is described microscopically.
The rapid development of artificial gauge fields in ultracold gases suggests that atomic realization of fractional quantum Hall physics will become experimentally practical in the near future. While it is known that bosons on lattices can support quantum Hall states, the universal edge excitations that provide the most likely experimental probe of the topological order have not been obtained. We find that the edge excitations of an interacting boson lattice model are surprisingly sensitive to interedge hybridization and edge-bulk mixing for some confining potentials. With properly chosen potentials and fluxes, the edge spectrum is surprisingly clear even for small systems with strong lattice effects such as bandwidth. Various fractional quantum Hall phases for bosons can be obtained, and the phases $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}=2/3$ have the edge spectra predicted by the chiral Luttinger liquid theory.
The microscopic picture for fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is difficult to work with analytically for a large number of electrons. Therefore to make predictions and attempt to describe experimental measurements on quantum Hall systems, effective theories are usually employed such as the chiral Luttinger liquid system. In this thesis the Monte Carlo method is used for Laughlin-type quantum Hall systems to compute microscopic observables. In particular such computations are carried out for the large system size expansion of the free energy. This work was motivated by some disagreement in the literature about the form of the free energy expansion and is still an ongoing project. Tunnelling in the FQHE is an interesting problem since the tunnelling operators are derived from an effective theory which has not yet been checked microscopically. To perform a test for the effective tunnelling Hamiltonian, microscopic calculations were performed numerically for charges tunnelling across the bulk states of a FQH device. To compute these matrix elements, two methods were found to overcome a phase problem encountered in the Monte Carlo simulations. The Monte Carlo results were compared to the matrix elements predicted by the effective tunnelling Hamiltonian and there was a good match between the data. Performing this comparison enabled the operator ordering in the effective tunnelling Hamiltonian to be deduced and the data also showed that the quasiparticle tunnelling processes were more relevant than the electron tunnelling processes for all system sizes, supporting the idea that when tunnelling is considered at a weak barrier, the electron tunnelling process can be neglected.
We use bosonic field theories and the infinite system density matrix renormalization group method to study infinite strips of fractional quantum Hall states starting from microscopic Hamiltonians. Finite-entanglement scaling allows us to accurately measure chiral central charge, edge-mode exponents, and momenta without finite-size errors. We analyze states in the first and second levels of the standard hierarchy and compare our results to predictions of the chiral Luttinger liquid theory. The results confirm the universality of scaling exponents in chiral edges and demonstrate that renormalization is subject to universal relations in the nonchiral case. We prove a generalized Luttinger theorem involving all singularities in the momentum-resolved density, which naturally arises when mapping Landau levels on a cylinder to a fermion chain and deepens our understanding of non-Fermi liquids in one dimension.
Making use of refermionization techniques, we map the nonlinear chiral Luttinger liquid model of the edge modes of a spatially confined fractional quantum Hall cloud developed in our recent work [Nardin et al., Phys. Rev. A 107, 033320 (2023)] onto a one-dimensional system of massive and interacting chiral fermions, whose mass and interactions are set by the filling factor of the quantum Hall fluid and the shape of the external confining potential at the position of the edge. As an example of the predictive power of the refermionized theory, we report a detailed study of the dynamic structure factor and of the spectral function of a fractional quantum Hall cloud. Among other features, our refermionized theory provides a physical understanding of the effective decay of the edge excitations and of the universal power-law exponents at the thresholds of the dynamic structure factor. The quantitative accuracy of the refermionized theory is validated against a full two-dimensional calculation based on a combination of exact diagonalization and Monte Carlo sampling.