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arXiv:0705.0730

Reciprocal Symmetry and Unified Classico-Quantum Oscillator And Consistency between a Particle in a Potential Well and a Harmonic Oscillator

Mushfiq Ahmad, Muhammad O. G. Talukder

Published May 5, 2007• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The function exp(iwt) describes an oscillating motion. Energy of the oscillator is proportional to the square of w. exp(iwt) is the solution of a differential equation. We have replaced this differential equation by the corresponding finite-time difference equation with d as the smallest span of time. We have, then, symmetrized the equation so that it remains invariant under the change d going to -d. This symmetric equation has solutions in pairs. The angular speed w is modified to w' or w". w' contains a part with an integer. w" contains a part with a half-integer. This corresponds to quantum mechanical oscillator energy levels. F= a.exp(iwt) describes oscillation between -a and +a. If we make w=0, F describes free oscillation between -a and +a. Reciprocal symmetric oscillator, thus, unifies quantum and classical harmonic oscillators on one hand, and a harmonic oscillator and a free particle in a potential well on the other hand. No quantum mechanical postulates are involved.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.0705.0730

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The function exp(iwt) describes an oscillating motion. Energy of the oscillator is proportional to the square of w. exp(iwt) is the solution of a differential equation. We have replaced this differential equation by the corresponding finite-time difference equation with d as the smallest span of time. We have, then, symmetrized the equation so that it remains invariant under the change d going to -d. This symmetric equation has solutions in pairs. The angular speed w is modified to w' or w". w' contains a part with an integer. w" contains a part with a half-integer. This corresponds to quantum mechanical oscillator energy levels. F= a.exp(iwt) describes oscillation between -a and +a. If we make w=0, F describes free oscillation between -a and +a. Reciprocal symmetric oscillator, thus, unifies quantum and classical harmonic oscillators on one hand, and a harmonic oscillator and a free particle in a potential well on the other hand. No quantum mechanical postulates are involved.
Introducing a dimensional unit \hbar into classical mechanics, we make classical wave functions √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar)-√ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) for a one-particle system in the configuration space where √ρ1exp (iS1/\hbar) corresponds to the incident path (or one half) of an orbit and √ρ2exp (iS2/\hbar) to the outgoing (or another half), and ρ's and S's are densities and actions respectively. These classical wave functions are compared with the corresponding wave functions of solutions of the Schrödinger equation for three one-particle systems, the scattering by a Coulomb potential, the linear harmonic oscillator and an electron bound by a Coulomb potential. From the essential correspondence between them it is concluded that the Schrödinger wave function describes the steady, causal but a little imaginary motion of the one-particle system as √ρexp (iS/\hbar) in the configuration space where ρ is a density and S an action, and that the states which the wave equation describes exist continuously (not discrete) and the (discrete) stationary states are the ones where √ρexp (iS/\hbar) is uniquely determined throughout an orbit. The Dirac equation shows that an electron of optics (or the electromagnetic wave equation) can be considered as the Schrödinger (or Dirac) equation for the motion of a photon, a particle, in a potential. A quantum-electrodynamical wave equation which is composed of the Dirac equation with a Coulomb potential and the electromagnetic wave equation is constructed for the steady motion of a one-electron system without recource to the so-called second-quantization method. It gives finite energy shifts. A line shift is calculated: ΔE(2S1/2 →2P1/2) \cong709 Mc/s.
In Parts I and II we noted that a quantum oscillator time-independent Schrodinger equation may be scaled such that x→y with yy=sqrt(km)xx and E→ Esqrt(m/k). Given that the LHS side is a function strictly of y which may be integrated from -infinite to infinite, the RHS must be independent of k and m. Thus E is proportional to sqrt(k/m) which “ happens” to be the oscillator classical angular frequency. In Part II we noted that the scaling occurs in the Schrodinger equation because one uses -id/dx as the momentum operator which follows from the exp(ipx) form of a free particle wavefunction. In this note, we show that for any equation: ad/dx d/dx W + b xx W = E W scaling of the form x→y such that yy =xx sqrt(b/a) and E→ E 1/sqrt(ba) occurs. Furthermore if d/dx is associated with momentum then writing conservation of energy using m/2 vv leads to 1/a www cos(wt)cos(wt) + b sin(wt)sin(wt) = b and w is proportional to sqrt(ab). Thus E must be proportional to w, the classical frequency. (An equation of the form a df/dt df/dt + b f f = constant must have a cos(wt) solution as is already known.) We try to extend these ideas by considering a wave on a string with both ends fastened. The string produces sinusoidal waves, but sound is created if there is air. One may consider sound to come in identical units of energy proportional to the angular frequency w. This is similar to the Planck blackbody radiation assumption about light. It may be shown that the string follows an oscillator solution because d/dx dy/dx which represents the change in the sin(theta) multiplied by the constant tension from x to x+dx is set equal to y i.e Force is proportional to y which is the oscillator result. If one sets energy proportional to w as in the case of light and wishes to have an equation strictly in x describing this scenario and also linked to energy conservation then the momentum squared term should have dimensions 1/xx. This suggests d/dx d/dx as a solution because E must be proportional to w. Thus we argue that one may work “backwards” modeling phonons like photons in a classical problem to obtain the quantum operator p = -id/dx which is linked to the free particle wavefunction exp(ipx).
In Part I we noted that the quantum oscillator result E= hbar w (n+.5) implies that for exp(-iEt) there are special times proportional to 1/E which in turn are proportional to 1/w which is proportional to the classical cycling time of the oscillator. In other words for oscillators with different w there are different 1/w times such that -Et (which is part of a free particle action A= -Et+px) is constant i.e. one cannot distinguish as in statistical mechanical equilibrium. In this note, we consider the free particle action in more detail. From A=-Et+px there are special times (1/E) and lengths 1/p proportional to wavelength such that different E and p values when multiplied by these times and length have the same value. Furthermore A=0 for this values. We argue that it is this feature of px in exp(ipx) which is responsible for the energy of an oscillator being proportional to w, the classical angular frequency. Thus the idea of a special length (wavelength) such that different p’s when multiplied by 1/p produce the same value leads to a quantum energy such that 1/E is proportional to a physical cycling time in the classical problem. Thus different w’s lead to E/E being constant just as p/p is constant.
This chapter begins discussing the classical harmonic oscillator and its solution as a second-order differential equation of the general type. Next, the one-particle quantum harmonic oscillator is presented, its corresponding Hamiltonian functionand wave equation followed by the undimensionalization of this wave equation yielding a second-order differential equation of the general type which leads to the general Hermite equation and Hermite polinomials as partial solution of the wave function. The energy for each wave function is obtained from the recursion relation of the Hermite equation. Afterwards, the numerical analysis of the one-particle harmonic oscillator is given by using the Numerov numerical method. Finally, a corresponding Fortran code for this problem is presented in order to plot the wave function according to a pre-determined quantum number. Plots of the wave function obtained from the Fortran code are also given. In the end, some exercises are given to include other information in the Fortran code.(153words).
The study of quantum properties of the harmonic oscillator is important in physics as many real-world systems oscillate harmonically. Motion of systems in a confined space is often modeled as being a quantized harmonic motion or, in first instance, is approximated by a harmonic motion. This chapter helps the reader to solve the equation employing an algebraic operator technique, which is based on the Dirac notation. This approach has several definite advantages and exploits the commutation relations among the operators involved and their properties. The chapter transforms the stationary Schrodinger equation into a second-order differential equation and finds the solution to the equation with the aid of a more advanced mathematical technique that involves special functions. The energy of a harmonic oscillator is quantized, with the sequence of values. The difference in energy between adjacent energy levels is equal to the energy of a single photon, ħω.
A wave equation already exists in classical physics (for example for a vibrating string) with a solution of the form exp(ikx-iwt) where k=2*3.14/wavelength and w=2*3.14 frequency. K and w are not simply linked to momentum and energy, but the wave is physically visible. The wavelike function exp(ikx-iEt) also appears in solutions for the photon, the relativistic Klein Gordon equation (and the Dirac too) as well as in the Schrodinger equation. This solution separates x and k and E and t so -id/dx exp(ikx-iEt) = k exp(ikx-iEt) and id/dt exp(ikx-iEt) = E exp(ikx-iEt). If a classical equation exists linking energy and momentum (like EE=pp+momo or E=.5mvv), one may convert it into a differential equation with independent fluctuations in x and t, but linked through the energy relationship. This retains the classical information, but introduces a wave solution. For the Schrodinger equation with a potential, exp(-iEt + i Integral (0,x) dx1 v(x1)m is a solution which is equivalent to exp(i Integral (0,t) L dt1) where L is the Lagrangian. In this case, -id/dx exp(i action) = p(x) exp(i action) and id/dt exp(i action) = E exp(i action). This also holds for the relativistic Lagrangian -mo sqrt(1-vv). In the case of an electromagnetic potential v dot A, one may write Integral dt1 v dot A = Integral (0,x) dx1 dot A and so A behaves exactly like p(x). For the case of light, exp(ikx-iEt) follows as a solution of a wave equation for either the electric or magnetic fields (which follows from Maxwell’s equations). The equation: d/dt (.5eoEl El + .5/uo BB) + grad dot El x B = 0 (for no source) also follows from Maxwell’s equations. It is an equation relating energy density to momentum flux and also allows for an exp(ikx-iEt) solution if El and B have the same magnitude (c=1) and are perpendicular to each other and the motion of the photon.