Quantum simulation in the Heisenberg picture via vectorization

Shao-Hen Chiew, Armando Angrisani, Zoë Holmes, Giuseppe Carleo (Feb 24 2026).

Abstract: We present a general framework for simulating quantum systems in the Heisenberg picture on quantum hardware. Based on the vectorization map, our framework fully exploits the mapping between operators and quantum states, allowing any task defined on Heisenberg operators to be mapped to standard Schrödinger-picture tasks that are naturally accessible via quantum computers and simulators. This yields new or improved protocols for tasks such as operator sampling, the computation of OTOCs/superoperator expectation values and their higher order moments, two-point correlators, and operator stabilizer and entanglement entropies. Our approach is also amenable to implementation, as it inherits the structure and resource requirements of the (forward and time-reversed) Schrödinger-picture quantum simulation problem. We demonstrate this by proposing implementations of our framework for a 2D problem on digital and analog quantum simulators, taking into account device connectivity constraints.

Arxiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.20154