Shixin Wu, Todd A. Brun, Daniel A. Lidar (Jul 04 2025).

Abstract: Quantum hardware rarely suffers equal amounts of bit-flip ($X$) and phase-flip ($Z$) errors; one type is often much more common than the other. A code that is bias-tailored'' can exploit this imbalance, lowering the fault-tolerance overhead. A complementary idea, called "single-shot" error correction, aims to recover from data errors and noisy measurements in a single round of stabilizer readout, avoiding slow repetition cycles. In this work, we combine these two ideas and build a hierarchy of new quantum codes. The full construction starts from the syndrome-encoded hypergraph product code and then tailors it to the dominant error type. The resulting code keeps the single-shot guarantee for every noise model while boosting the threshold whenever $X$ and $Z$ errors are asymmetric. By removing carefully chosen blocks of stabilizers we obtain two trimmed variants. The first, called the simplified code, cuts the physical-qubit count by $1/6$ and halves the number of stabilizer measurements, yet its minimum distance grows quadratically compared to the standard design and its biased noise threshold is unchanged. The second, called the reduced code, achieves the same hardware savings but trades away single-shot protection for purely $X$ or purely $Z$ noise; instead it remains single-shot under balanced, or depolarizing, noise. In settings where strongly biased noise is likely, either trimmed code offers a less resource-intensive alternative to the full construction. As a concrete illustration, we lift the two-dimensional XZZX surface code to a three-dimensional cubic lattice and show that this 3D XZZX'' code is an explicit member of the simplified family. Taken together, these bias-tailored single-shot codes provide an adjustable set of code design alternatives, allowing tradeoffs between hardware overhead and noise types.

Arxiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02239