Xiaoyu Liu, Jordi Tura, Johannes Knörzer (Jun 19 2026).
Abstract: Estimating nonlinear properties of quantum states is a central task in quantum information science. Multivariate traces,
tr(ρ1⋯ρK), and nonlinear observables such as
tr(ρK), for integer
K, can be accessed through collective measurements on multiple state copies, but standard protocols based on swap tests require coherent operations on the full Hilbert space and become experimentally unfeasible for large systems. In this work, we introduce a framework for multi-copy measurements based on random projections onto lower-dimensional subspaces prior to the collective measurement, which is then performed only on the reduced Hilbert space. This procedure yields a tunable tradeoff between coherent quantum resources and statistical sampling overhead, allowing the amount of coherent processing to be matched to the capabilities of the underlying hardware. We derive explicit formulas relating the Haar-averaged projected moments to multivariate traces of the original states and analyze the sampling overhead induced by the projection procedure. Specifically, after compressing an
n-qubit state to a reduced
q-qubit subspace, estimating
tr(ρK) requires approximately
O(2(n−q)(K−1)) copies of
ρ, with each qubit projected out increasing the sampling cost by a factor of
2K−1. Our results establish how coherent multi-copy operations can be traded for additional state copies, enabling multi-copy quantum protocols to be optimized for the available hardware resources.
