Filippo Girardi, Giacomo De Palma, Ludovico Lami (May 15 2026).
Abstract: Independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) states are ubiquitous in quantum information theory. However, in a practical setting, the i.i.d. assumption is too stringent, and possibly not realistic. A physically more compelling class of 'almost i.i.d.' sources was recently proposed by [Mazzola/Sutter/Renner, arXiv:2603.15792]. In this paper, we introduce two alternative definitions of almost i.i.d. states, based on the normalised quantum Wasserstein distance and on the idea of looking at the average
k-body marginal. We explore some basic properties of these notions and prove a strict hierarchical relation among them, with Mazzola et al.'s notion being the strictest, the one based on
k-body marginals the loosest, and the one based on the quantum Wasserstein distance in between. Strict separation is established by means of explicit examples.
