Sayam Sethi, Sahil Khan, Aditi Awasthi, Abhinav Anand, Jonathan Mark Baker (Apr 29 2026).
Abstract: Near-term FTQC system designs are constrained by limited error budgets and largely sequential execution of non-Clifford gates. As a result, reducing the number of the most-error prone instructions becomes critical for successful program execution. In this work, we study the extractor architecture, a recently proposed FTQC design that enables universal quantum computation on spatially-efficient QEC codes such as the BB code family. In these architectures, over
90% of the total program error arises from the synthillation process, which involves
∣T⟩-state preparation and injection to implement non-Clifford gates. We observe that standard Rz synthillation requires multiple sequential
∣T⟩-state injections, each incurring an inter-module measurements, the most expensive instruction in the architecture, which cumulatively dominate the overall error budget. To address this bottleneck, we propose INJEQT, a
2-factory design that uses an auxiliary code capable of synthesizing
Rz(θ) states with lower error rates. These states are then injected into the extractor modules using only a constant number of inter-module measurements. This approach reduces overall error rates by up to
22×. We further reduce the time overhead by a pre-fetching strategy that prepares the Rz states and their correction states in parallel. This approach improves the wall-clock time by up to
13× and reduces the space-time cost by up to
7.2×, for an optimal choice of the number of INJEQT factories for each metric. We evaluate INJEQT for multiple state preparation techniques such as distillation, cultivation and STAR, and model the execution times for both lattice surgery-based and transversal CNOT based injections. Our results demonstrate that INJEQT is robust across factory choices and device technologies, enabling more efficient architectural designs for FTQC.
