Cassandre Notton

Yichen Xie, Cassandre Notton, Jean Senellart

Barren plateaus (BP) in variational quantum circuits are commonly attributed to strong mixing dynamics that cause gradient variance to vanish exponentially with system size. Passive photonic circuits challenge this picture. Because observables and postselection maps generically extend beyond the algebra's reachable image, we show that trainability is governed by how postselection redistributes weight across the full irreducible decomposition of the operator space. Building on recent representation-theoretic second-moment techniques for passive linear optics, we express postselection through the pulled-back observable and obtain a closed-form Haar-averaged gradient variance, exact for fixed observables. The resulting scaling predictions are tested by statevector simulation of the nonlinear Bhattacharyya loss across allow-bunching, collision-free, and dual-rail postselection, using a four-test protocol (AICc, sliding-window, crossover, and truncation analyses) to separate polynomial from exponential scaling in finite data. Allow-bunching and collision-free filtering remain polynomial-consistent across all tested sizes and initializations, while dual-rail postselection induces a genuine BP at a rate roughly an order of magnitude below the 2-design value.