arXiv:quant-ph/9912097 · Physical Review Letters

Bose-Einstein Condensates with 1/r Interatomic Attraction: Electromagnetically Induced “Gravity”

Duncan H J O’Dell, S. Giovanazzi, Gershon Kurizki, V. M. Akulin

Published Jun 19, 2000• 197 citations

Abstract

We show that particular configurations of intense off-resonant laser beams can give rise to an attractive 1/r interatomic potential between atoms located well within the laser wavelength. Such a "gravitational-like" interaction is shown to give stable Bose-Einstein condensates that are self-bound (without an additional trap) with unique scaling properties and measurably distinct signatures.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.5687

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arXiv:quant-ph/9912097 · Physical Review Letters

Bose-Einstein Condensates with 1/r Interatomic Attraction: Electromagnetically Induced “Gravity”

Duncan H J O’Dell, S. Giovanazzi, Gershon Kurizki, V. M. Akulin

Published Jun 19, 2000• 197 citations

arXiv HTML PDF

Abstract

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.84.5687

Related papers

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I. E. Mazets

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arXiv:cond-mat/0007209Jul 12, 20001 citation

In our recent publication [D. O'Dell et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5687 (2000)] we proposed a scheme for electromagnetically generating a self-bound Bose-Einstein condensate with

1/r

attractive interactions: the analog of a Bose star. Here we focus upon the conditions necessary to observe the transition from external trapping to self-binding. This transition becomes manifest in a sharp reduction of the condensate radius and its dependence on the laser intensity rather than the trap potential.

We consider dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates with long-range attractive interaction proportional to

1/{r}^{b}

and arbitrary angular dependence. It is shown exactly that collapse of a Bose-Einstein condensate without contact interactions is possible only for $b\ensuremath{\geqslant}2$. The case

b=2

is critical and requires the number of particles to exceed a critical value to allow collapse. The critical collapse in that case is a strong one, trapping into the collapsing region a finite number of particles. The case

b>2

is supercritical with an expected weak collapse which traps a rapidly decreasing number of particles during approach to collapse. For

b<2

a singularity at

r=0

is not strong enough to allow collapse but an attractive

1/{r}^{b}

interaction admits stable self-trapping (a stable three-dimensional soliton solution) even in the absence of an external trapping potential.

Evidence for Bose-Einstein condensation of a gas of spin-polarized

{}^{7}

Li atoms is reported. Atoms confined to a permanent-magnet trap are laser cooled to 200 \ensuremath{\mu}K and are then evaporatively cooled to lower temperatures. Phase-space densities consistent with quantum degeneracy are measured for temperatures in the range of 100 to 400 nK. At these high phase-space densities, diffraction of a probe laser beam is observed. Modeling shows that this diffraction is a sensitive indicator of the presence of a spatially localized condensate. Although measurements of the number of condensate atoms have not been performed, the measured phase-space densities are consistent with a majority of the atoms being in the condensate, for total trap numbers as high as $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms. For

{}^{7}

Li, the spin-triplet

s

-wave scattering length is known to be negative, corresponding to an attractive interatomic interaction. Previously, Bose-Einstein condensation was predicted not to occur in such a system.

Collective excitation frequencies of a Bose - Einstein condensate with electromagnetically induced

1/r

attraction

1/r

attraction and a short-range interatomic repulsion. The corresponding frequencies for monopole, dipole, and quadrupole modes are calculated numerically in the zero temperature case.