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arXiv:quant-ph/9911107

75 Years of Matter Wave: Louis de Broglie and Renaissance of the Causally Complete Knowledge

Andrei P. Kirilyuk

Published Nov 25, 1999• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A physically real wave associated with any moving particle and travelling in a surrounding material medium was introduced by Louis de Broglie in a series of short notes in 1923 and in a more complete form in his thesis defended in Paris on the 25th November 1924. This result, recognised by the Nobel Prize in 1929, gave rise to a major direction of "new physics" known today as "quantum mechanics". However, although such notions as "de Broglie wavelength" and "wave-particle duality" form the basis of the standard quantum theory, it actually only takes for granted (postulates) the formula for the particle wavelength and totally ignores the underlying causal, realistic and physically transparent picture of wave-particle dynamics outlined by Louis de Broglie in his thesis and further considerably developed in his later works, in the form of "double solution" and "hidden thermodynamics" theory. A price to pay for such rough deviation from the original de Broglian realism and consistency involves fundamental physics domination by purely abstract and mechanistically simplified schemes of formal symbols and rules that have led to a deep knowledge impasse justly described as "the end of science". However, a new, independent approach of "quantum field mechanics" (quant-ph/9902015, quant-ph/9902016, physics/0401164) created within the "universal science of complexity" (physics/9806002) provides many-sided confirmation and natural completion of de Broglie's "nonlinear wave mechanics", eliminating all its "difficult points" and reconstituting the causally complete, totally consistent and intrinsically unified picture of the real, complex micro-world dynamics directly extendible to all higher levels of unreduced world complexity.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/9911107

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A physically real wave associated with any moving particle and travelling in a surrounding material medium was introduced by Louis de Broglie in a series of short notes in 1923 and in a more complete form in his thesis defended in Paris on the 25th November 1924. This result, recognised by the Nobel Prize in 1929, gave rise to a major direction of "new physics" known today as "quantum mechanics". However, although such notions as "de Broglie wavelength" and "wave-particle duality" form the basis of the standard quantum theory, it actually only takes for granted (postulates) the formula for the particle wavelength and totally ignores the underlying causal, realistic and physically transparent picture of wave-particle dynamics outlined by Louis de Broglie in his thesis and further considerably developed in his later works, in the form of "double solution" and "hidden thermodynamics" theory. A price to pay for such rough deviation from the original de Broglian realism and consistency involves fundamental physics domination by purely abstract and mechanistically simplified schemes of formal symbols and rules that have led to a deep knowledge impasse justly described as "the end of science". However, a new, independent approach of "quantum field mechanics" (quant-ph/9902015, quant-ph/9902016, physics/0401164) created within the "universal science of complexity" (physics/9806002) provides many-sided confirmation and natural completion of de Broglie's "nonlinear wave mechanics", eliminating all its "difficult points" and reconstituting the causally complete, totally consistent and intrinsically unified picture of the real, complex micro-world dynamics directly extendible to all higher levels of unreduced world complexity.
In 1923 Louis de Broglie (1892-1987) discovered the material waves and six years later received the Nobel price for this discovery. Apart these well known facts this French physicist nevertheless seems to be forgotten. Details of his life are as unknown as his efforts to describe quantum mechanics in a deterministic and objective way. Especially the actual discussion concerning the interpretation of quantum mechanics seems to justify a deeper occupation with the scientific work of Louis de Broglie. In this context the important influence of Albert Einstein is of special interest; for his photons announce the existence of material waves and it may surprise that Einstein himself did not postulate them. The basis of this short scientific biography are the publications of de Broglie (a complete bibliography is given at the end), some more or less short memories of his students and some unpublished documents found in the "Archives de l'Academie des Sciences" at Paris. The original text of the correspondence between de Broglie and Einstein is enclosed in German translation in the appendix.
Abstract The particle-wave duality was perhaps the most startling outcome of the conceptual revolution that swept through physics during the first three decades of the twentieth century. That photons—the packets, or quanta, of light— behaved in some respects as particles, in others as waves, had already been noted when the due (later Prince) Louis de Broglie conjectured that the same might be true of other particles, such as electrons. Sitting in an eyrie in the Eiffel Tower as a meteorological observer during the First World War, de Broglie had time to ruminate on these matters and to develop an equation relating the momentum of the particle to its wavelength. This formed the substance of his doctoral dissertation, which he submitted to the University of Paris in 1924 and which earned him the Nobel Prize five years later.
Following Max Planck's hypothesis of quanta (quant-ph/0012069) and the matter wave idea of Louis de Broglie (quant-ph/9911107), Erwin Schroedinger proposed, at the beginning of 1926, the concept of wavefunction and wave equation for it. Though endowed with a realistic undular interpretation by its father, the wavefunction could not be considered as a real "matter wave" and has been provided with only abstract, formally probabilistic interpretation. In this paper we show how the resulting "mysteries" of usual theory are solved within the unreduced, dynamically multivalued description of the underlying, essentially nonlinear interaction process (quant-ph/9902015, quant-ph/9902016), without artificial modification of the Schroedinger equation. The latter is rigorously derived instead as universal expression of unreduced interaction complexity. Causal, totally realistic wavefunction is obtained as a dynamically probabilistic intermediate state of a simple system with interaction performing dynamically discrete transitions between its localised, incompatible "realisations" ("corpuscular" states). Causal wavefunction and Schroedinger equation are then extended to arbitrary level of world dynamics. We outline some applications of the obtained causal description, such as genuine quantum chaos (quant-ph/9511034-36) and realistic quantum devices (physics/0211071), and emphasize the basic difference of the proposed dynamically multivalued theory from dynamically single-valued imitations of causality and complexity. The causally complete wavefunction concept, representing the unified essence of unreduced (multivalued) complex dynamics, provides a clear distinctive feature of realistic science, absent in any its unitary imitation.
The physical consequences of the analysis performed in Parts I-IV are outlined within a scheme of the complete quantum (wave) mechanics called quantum field mechanics and completing the original ideas of Louis de Broglie by the dynamic complexity concept. The total picture includes the formally complete description at the level of the "average" wave function of Schroedinger type that shows dynamically chaotic behaviour in the form of either quantum chaos (Parts I-III), or quantum measurement (Part IV) with causal indeterminacy and wave reduction. This level is only an approximation, though often sufficient, to a lower (and actually the lowest accessible) level of complexity containing the causally complete version of the unreduced, nonlinear "double solution" proposed by Louis de Broglie. The extended 'double solution with chaos' describes the state of a nonlinear material field and includes the unstable high-intensity "hump" moving chaotically within the embedding smooth wave (quant-ph/9902015,16). The involvement of chaos causally understood within the same concept of dynamic complexity (multivaluedness) provides, at this lower level, de Broglie's "hidden thermodynamics" now, however, without the necessity for any real "hidden thermostat". The chaotic reduction of the "piloting" Schroedinger wave, at the higher sublevel of complexity, conforms with the detailed 'wandering' of the virtual soliton at the lower sublevel. The proposed dynamic multivaluedness (redundance) paradigm serves as the basis for a self-consistent hierarchic picture of the world with a (high) non-zero complexity (and thus irreducible randomness), where the complete extension of quantum mechanics is causally interpreted as several lowest levels of complexity.
Louis de Broglie received the Nobel Prize for his Ph.D. It is an extreme statement but not as extreme as one might think. In his 1924 doctoral dissertation, he asserted that all matter had both wave and particle properties. His thesis stemmed from Einstein's recognition that light had particle properties. Until then it was assumed, and every experiment had shown, that light was strictly a wave. With the photoelectric effect explained by Einstein, light became an example of “wave-particle duality.” Before de Broglie, it was the only example. De Broglie proposed that all matter had both wave and particle properties. De Broglie found the relationship between the two: the particle momentum was inversely proportional to the wavelength. Experimental evidence subsequently confirmed his theory, hence the Prize.
In 1923 Louis de Broglie introduced the notion of matter waves, the particle-wave duality of matter which is the reciprocal extension of the notion of the particle-wave duality of light. The wave nature of matter is evidently a memory of its origin in light, much as the particle aspect of light suggests its capacity to create matter. Such dualities are part of the connective tissue of the Cosmos and its two principle energy forms, light and matter (free and bound electromagnetic energy). The less massive the particle, the more strongly is its wave nature expressed. The wave nature of the tiny electron is very pronounced, as is famously demonstrated by the interference phenomena of the canonical 2-slit experiment of quantum mechanics. In the extreme case of neutrinos, which apparently have almost no mass, their wave nature completely dominates their particle nature. However, as particles become heavier and more massive, their wave nature becomes rapidly overwhelmed, until for ordinary macroscopic masses to which we are sensible it is completely obscured.