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arXiv:quant-ph/9911032 · Journal of Modern Optics

An application of two-photon entangled states to quantum metrology

G. Brida, Marco Genovese, C. Novero

Published Oct 1, 2000• 44 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Besides many interesting applications to the study of the foundations of quantum mechanics, entangled states are now assuming much relevance for some practical applications. In particular, we discuss the use of two-photon entangled states produced in parametric down conversion for absolute quantum efficiency calibration of photodetectors, in the photon counting regime.

DOI
10.1080/09500340008235132

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Besides many interesting applications to the study of the foundations of quantum mechanics, entangled states are now assuming much relevance for some practical applications. In particular, we discuss the use of two-photon entangled states produced in parametric down conversion for absolute quantum efficiency calibration of photodetectors, in the photon counting regime.
Single-photon detectors are finding increasingly wide application in all branches of science and technology thus a precise knowledge of their quantum efficiency is an essential prerequisite. We have performed the first proof-of-principle demonstration of a means to determine the quantum efficiency by which no second detector or reference standard is required. This absolute self-calibration method is based on the time correlation of entangled photons pairs emitted in spontaneous parametric down conversion. The measured quantum efficiency of a Si avalanche photodiode single-photon detector agrees well with the product specifications.
One of the most surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is the entanglement of two or more distance particles. Even though there are still questions regarding the fundamental issues of quantum theory, quantum entanglement has started to play important roles in practical engineering applications such as quantum information processing, quantum metrology, quantum imaging and quantum lithography. Two-photon states have been the most popular entangled states in fundamental and applied research. Using spontaneous parametric down conversion as an example, this review introduces the concept of biphoton wavepacket and emphasizes the very different physics associated with the entangled two-photon system (pure state) and with the `individual' subsystems (statistical mixture). Experimental approaches for Bell state preparation, pumped by continous wave and ultrashort pulse are discussed.
The aim of this review paper is to enlighten some recent progresses in quantum optical metrology in the part of quantum efficiency measurements of photo-detectors performed with bi-photon states. The intrinsic correlated nature of entangled photons from Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion phenomenon has opened wide horizons to a new approach for the absolute measurement of photo-detector quantum efficiency, outgoing the requirement for conventional standards of optical radiation; in particular the simultaneous feature of the creation of conjugated photons led to a well known technique of coincidence measurement, deeply understood and implemented for standard uses. On the other hand, based on manipulation of entanglement developed for Quantum Information protocols implementations, a new method has been proposed for quantum efficiency measurement, exploiting polarisation entanglement in addition to energy-momentum and time ones, that is based on conditioned polarisation state manipulation. In this review, after a general discussion on absolute photo-detector calibration, we compare these different methods, in order to give an accurate operational sketch of the absolute quantum efficiency measurement state of the art.