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arXiv:quant-ph/9910021 · Physical Review A

Probabilistic teleportation and entanglement matching

Wanli Li, Chuan‐Feng Li, Guang‐Can Guo

Published Feb 10, 2000• 319 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Teleportation may be interpreted as sending and extracting quantum information through quantum channels. In this report, it is shown that to get the maximal probability of exact teleportation through a partially entangled quantum channel, the sender (Alice) need only operate a measurement that satisfies an ``entanglement matching'' to this channel. An optimal strategy is also provided for the receiver (Bob) to extract the quantum information by adopting a general evolution.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.61.034301

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Teleportation may be interpreted as sending and extracting quantum information through quantum channels. In this report, it is shown that to get the maximal probability of exact teleportation through a partially entangled quantum channel, the sender (Alice) need only operate a measurement that satisfies an ``entanglement matching'' to this channel. An optimal strategy is also provided for the receiver (Bob) to extract the quantum information by adopting a general evolution.
Very recently, Lee et al. proposed a secure quantum teleportation protocol to transfer shared quantum secret between multiple parties in a network [Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 060501 (2020)]. This quantum network is encoded with a maximally entangled GHZ state. In this paper, we consider a partially entangled GHZ state as the entanglement channel, where it can achieve, probabilistically, unity fidelity transfer of the state. Two kinds of strategies are given. One arises when an auxiliary particle is introduced and a general evolution at any receiver’s location is then adopted. The other one involves performing a single generalized Bell-state measurement at the location of any sender. This could allow the receivers to recover the transmitted state with a certain probability, in which only the local Pauli operators are performed, instead of introducing an auxiliary particle. In addition, the successful probability is provided, which is determined by the degree of entanglement of the partially multipartite entangled state. Moreover, the proposed protocol is robust against the bit and phase flip noise.
Quantum teleportation provides a way to transfer unknown quantum states from one system to another via an entangled state as a quantum channel without physical transmission of the object itself. The entangled channel, measurement performed by the sender (Alice), and classical information sent to the receiver (Bob) are three key ingredients in the procedure, which need to cooperate with each other. To study the relationship among the three parts, we propose a scheme for perfect teleportation of a qubit through a high-dimensional quantum channel in a pure state with two equal largest Schmidt coefficients. The scheme requires less entanglement of Alice's measurement but more classical bits than the original scheme via a Bell state. The two quantities increase with the entanglement of the quantum channel when its dimension is fixed and thereby can be regard as Alice's necessary capabilities to use the quantum channel. And the two capabilities appear complementary to each other.
We study the teleportation scheme performed by means of a partially entangled pure state. We found that the information belonging to the quantum channel can be distributed into both the system of the transmitter and the system of the receiver. Thus, in order to complete the teleportation process it is required to perform an "unambiguous non-orthogonal quantum states discrimination" and an "extraction of the quantum information" processes. This general scheme allows one to design a strategy for concealing the unknown information of the teleported state. Besides, we showed that the teleportation and the "concealing the quantum information" process, can be probabilistically performed even though the bipartite quantum channel is maximally entangled.
A scheme for teleporting an arbitrary and unknown three-particle state from a sender to either one of two receivers is proposed. The quantum channel is composed of a two-particle non-maximally entangled state and two three-particle non-maximally entangled W states. An arbitrary three-particle state can be perfectly teleported probabilistically if the sender performs three generalized Bell-state measurements and sends to the two receivers the classical result of these measurements and either one of the two receivers adopts an appropriate unitary transformation conditioned on the suitable measurement outcomes of the other receiver. All kinds of unitary transformations are given in detail.
Recently, there is much interest in the study of quantum teleportation. Its marvelous security property makes it particularly attractive as potential means for future communication. Uncertain principal and no-cloning theories of quantum mechanics forbid exact copy of quantum states. To solve the problem, quantum teleportation devides message state into two parts: classical message and quantum message which are transmitted through relevant classical and quantum channels from a sender Alice to a distant receiver Bob, respectively. According to both message states, Bob can recover the original message state with certain possibility. Utilizing the general quantum teleportation protocol, in this scheme, a new method is presented by which multi-qubit quantum information can be teleported in a much easier way. It has been extended to teleportation of an arbitrary N-qubit state via entanglement swapping and probabilistic teleportation is investigated as well, which has a more general meaning. N non-maximally entangled triplet GHZ states (Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger), taking the place of the previous EPR states (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen), serve as quantum channels, which avoids introducing extra auxiliary qubit. In order to complete the teleportation, Alice has to devide all qubits into N parts and make Bell-State measurement on qubit pair (i, x(subscript i)) and tell Bob the measurement result through classical channel, then Bob perform some simple local operations on qubits (y(subscript i), z(subscript i)) to finish teleporting the i-th qubit. Conditioned on N-times similar repeat, Bob can faithfully reconstruct the initial state. Results show that, in this method, the identification difficulty of entangled states is considerably reduced, the new method is more feasible in technique. And the total possibility of successful teleportation is (The equation is abbreviated). As a special case, teleportation of an arbitrary two-qubit state is proposed.