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arXiv:quant-ph/9904088 · Physical Review A

Quantum entanglement inferred by the principle of maximum nonadditive entropy

Sumiyoshi Abe, A. K. Rajagopal

Published Nov 1, 1999• 80 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The problem of quantum-state inference and the concept of quantum entanglement are studied using a nonadditive measure in the form of the Tsallis entropy indexed by the positive parameter q. The maximum entropy principle associated with this entropy along with its thermodynamic interpretation are discussed in detail for the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair of two spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ particles. Given the data on the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt observable, the analytic expression is presented for the inferred quantum entangled state. It is shown that for $q>1,$ indicating the subadditive feature of the Tsallis entropy, the entangled region is small and enlarges as one goes into the superadditive regime where $q<1.$ It is also shown that quantum entanglement can be quantified by the generalized (Kullback-Leibler) relative entropy.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.60.3461

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The problem of quantum-state inference and the concept of quantum entanglement are studied using a nonadditive measure in the form of the Tsallis entropy indexed by the positive parameter q. The maximum entropy principle associated with this entropy along with its thermodynamic interpretation are discussed in detail for the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen pair of two spin-12\frac{1}{2}21​ particles. Given the data on the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt observable, the analytic expression is presented for the inferred quantum entangled state. It is shown that for q>1,q>1,q>1, indicating the subadditive feature of the Tsallis entropy, the entangled region is small and enlarges as one goes into the superadditive regime where q<1.q<1.q<1. It is also shown that quantum entanglement can be quantified by the generalized (Kullback-Leibler) relative entropy.
We examine the inference of quantum density operators from incomplete information by means of the maximization of general nonadditive entropic forms. Extended thermodynamic relations are given. When applied to a bipartite spin 1 / 2 system, the formalism allows one to avoid fake entanglement for data based on the Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt observable, and, in general, on any set of Bell constraints. Particular results obtained with the Tsallis entropy and with an introduced exponential entropic form are also discussed.
Entanglement is the fundamental quantum property behind the now popular field of quantum transport of information. This quantum property is incompatible with the separation of a single system into two uncorrelated subsystems. Consequently, it does not require the use of an additive form of entropy. We discuss the problem of the choice of the most convenient entropy indicator, focusing our attention on a system of two qubits, and on a special set, denoted by I.\mathfrak{I}.I. This set contains both the maximally and partially entangled states that are described by density matrices diagonal in the Bell basis set. We select this set for the main purpose of making our work of analysis more straightforward. As a matter of fact, we find that in general the conventional von Neumann entropy is not a monotonic function of the entanglement strength. This means that the von Neumann entropy is not a reliable indicator of the departure from the condition of maximum entanglement. We study the behavior of a form of nonadditive entropy, made popular by the 1988 work by Tsallis [J. Stat. Phys. 52, 479 (1988)]. We show that in the set I,\mathfrak{I},I, implying the key condition of nonvanishing entanglement, this nonadditive entropy indicator turns out to be a strictly monotonic function of the strength of the entanglement, if entropy indexes q larger than a critical value Q are adopted. We argue that this might be a consequence of the nonadditive nature of the Tsallis entropy, implying that the world is quantum and that uncorrelated subsystems do not exist.
Nonadditive classical information theory is developed in the axiomatic framework and then translated into quantum theory. The nonadditive conditional entropy associated with the Tsallis entropy indexed by q is given in accordance with the formalism of nonextensive statistical mechanics. The theory is applied to the problems of quantum entanglement and separability of the Werner-Popescu-type mixed state of a multipartite system, in order to examine if it has any points superior to the additive theory with the von Neumann entropy realized in the limit q → 1. It is shown that the nonadditive theory can lead to the necessary and sufficient condition for separability of the Werner-Popescu-type state, whereas the von Neumann theory can give only a much weaker condition…. Tsallis' nonextensive generalization of Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics [3, 15, 16] and its success in describing behaviors of a large class of complex systems naturally lead to the question of whether information theory can also admit an analogous generalization. If the answer is affirmative, then that will be of particular importance in connection with the problem of quantum entanglement and quantum theory of measurement [6, 8], in which necessities of a nonadditive information measure and an information content are suggested. One should also remember that there exists a conceptual similarity between a complex system and an entangled quantum system. In these systems, a "part" is indivisibly connected with the rest. An external operation on any part drastically influences the whole system, in general. Thus, the traditional reductionistic approach to an understanding of the nature of such a system may not work efficiently. In this chapter, we report a recent development in nonadditive quantum information theory based on the Tsallis entropy indexed by q [15] and its associated nonadditive conditional entropy [1]. This theory includes the ordinary additive theory with the von Neumann entropy in a special limiting case: q → To see if it has points superior to the additive theory, we apply it to the problems of separability and quantum entanglement.
The quantum relative R\'enyi entropy of two noncommuting density matrices was recently defined from which its conditional entropy is deduced. This framework is here extended to the corresponding Tsallis relative entropy and to its conditional form. This expression of Tsallis conditional entropy is shown to witness entanglement beyond the method based on global and local spectra of composite quantum states. When the reduced density matrix happens to be a maximally mixed state, this conditional entropy coincides with the expression in terms of Tsallis entropies derived earlier by Abe and Rajagopal [Physica A 289, 157 (2001)]. The separability range in a noisy one-parameter family of WWW and Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states with three and four qubits is explored here and it is shown that the results inferred from negative Tsallis conditional entropy matches that obtained through Peres's partial transpose criterion for one-parameter family of WWW states, in one of its partitions. The criterion is shown to be nonspectral through its usefulness in identifying entanglement in isospectral density matrices.
Generalizing Khinchin's classical axiomatic foundation, a basis is developed for nonadditive information theory with the Tsallis entropy indexed by q. The classical nonadditive conditional entropy is introduced and then translated into quantum theory. To examine if this theory has points superior to the ordinary additive information theory with the von Neumann entropy corresponding to the limit $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q}1,$ separability of a one-parameter family of the Werner-Popescu states of the Nn{N}^{n}Nn system (i.e., the n-partite N-level system) is discussed. The nonadditive information theory with q>1q>1q>1 is shown to yield a limitation on separability that is stronger than the one derived from the additive theory. How the strongest limitation can be obtained in the limit $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q}\ensuremath{\infty}$ is also shown.
Two of the most intriguing features of quantum physics are the uncertainty principle and the occurrence of nonlocal correlations. The uncertainty principle states that there exist pairs of incompatible measurements on quantum systems such that their outcomes cannot both be predicted. On the other hand, nonlocal correlations of measurement outcomes at different locations cannot be explained by classical physics, but appear in the presence of entanglement. Here, we show that these two fundamental quantum effects are quantitatively related. Namely, we provide an entropic uncertainty relation for the outcomes of two binary measurements, where the lower bound on the uncertainty is quantified in terms of the maximum Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt value that can be achieved with these measurements. We discuss applications of this uncertainty relation in quantum cryptography, in particular, to certify quantum sources using untrusted devices.