We analyze the excess noise in the framework of the conventional quantum theory of laserlike systems. Our calculation is conceptually simple and our result also shows a correction to the semiclassical result derived earlier.
In an earlier work [P. J. Bardroff and S. Stenholm, Phys. Rev. A 60, 2529 (1999)], we have derived a fully quantum-mechanical description of excess noise in strongly damped lasers. This theory is used here to derive the corresponding quantum Langevin equations. Taking the semiclassical limit of these we are able to regain the starting point of Siegman's treatment of excess noise [Phys. Rev. A 39, 1253 (1989)]. Our results essentially constitute a quantum derivation of his theory and allow some generalizations.
To meet recent experimental advances, we generalize the intuitively appealing nonorthogonal-mode theory of excess quantum noise by introducing a Maxwell-Bloch description of the gain medium. The resulting equations extend the nonorthogonal-mode approach beyond the class A linear-gain regime providing a general starting point for theoretical descriptions of excess quantum noise. As an illustration of our theory, we derive rate equations describing excess quantum noise in class B lasers and obtain the non-Lorentzian spectrum due to the coloring of excess noise in class A lasers accounting for gain saturation.